Table 2.
Summary of studies associated with effects of seroma and IORT-seroma on breast cancer.
| Method | Results | Author | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seroma composition | Hematological and biochemical analysis of 3 or 4-day seroma from 18 BC patients undergoing mastectomy with complete axillary clearance or wide local excision. | Reflection of the exudative phase of wound healing in seroma. | McCaul et al. | 2000 |
| Quantitative assessment of CEA and CK-19 in 24h seroma from 126 BC patients. | The high sensitivity of CEA and CK-19 for detection of locoregional recurrence in BC patients. | Zhang et al. | 2006 | |
| Wound fluid injection near the tumor site in syngeneic BC xenografts in mice. | Enhanced tumor growth. | Christina et al. | 2008 | |
| Evaluating proteomic profile of 24h seroma from 45 BC patients. | Increase of 10 and decrease of 20 tumor progression associated proteins in IORT-seroma compared with non-IORT-seroma. | Belletti et al. | 2008 | |
| Assessment of 80 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in 1 or 2-week seroma from 59 patients with benign or malignant lesions. | Increased expression levels of key tumor-triggering cytokines and decreased expression of important tumor-inhibiting factors in seroma from BC patients compared to seroma collected from non-cancer patients. | Valeta-Magara et al. | 2015 | |
| Assessment of 34 chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors in 24h seroma collected from 27 BC patients. | Association of the composition of seroma with molecular features of the excised tumor. | Agresti et al. | 2019 | |
| Quantitative analysis of the factor composition of 48h seroma from 38 BC patients. | Decreased level of IL-7, IL-8, MIF, IL-13, and TNF-beta and increased level of CTACK, HGF, G-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta in IORT-seroma compared with non-IORT-seroma. | Kulcenty et al. | 2019 | |
| Analysis of immune cell populations and cytokines in 24h seroma from 42 patients. | No significant difference in cell count between IORT group and control. Increased level of Leptin and decreased level of GRO-α, IL-1β, and Oncostatin-M in IORT group. | Wuhrer et al. | 2021 | |
| Seroma on cell lines | Evaluating proliferative effects of 24h seroma from 13 BC patients on SKBR-3, MDA-MB361, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB435, and MCF-7 cell lines in 2D system. | Induction of proliferative effects in all the cell lines. | Tagliabue et al. | 2003 |
| Evaluation of cell growth and motility in MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR-3 cell lines under 24h seroma from 45 BC (IORT and non-IORT) patients in 2D and 3D systems. | Stimulation of proliferation, invasion, and migration of BC cell lines under seroma treatment. Abrogated stimulatory effects under IORT-seroma treatment. | Belletti et al. | 2008 | |
| Evaluation of proliferation in MCF-7, HCC1937, and under treatment of 24h or 48h seroma from 30 patients (in 3 groups) in 2D system. | Induction of proliferation in HCC1937 and MCF-7 in a similar manner. | Ramolu et al. | 2014 | |
| Evaluation of clonigenic and long-term proliferation effects of 24h seroma from 30 BC (IORT and non-IORT) patients on MCF-7 cell line in 2D system. | No significant difference between IORT- and non-IORT-seroma groups. | Veldwijk et al. | 2015 | |
| Evaluation of cancer stem cell phenotype in MDA-MB-231, BT-20, MDA-MB-468, SK-BR-3, BT-549, BT-474, MCF7, and T47D cell lines under seroma treatment from 44 BC patients (IORT and non-IORT). | Decreased CSC population in IORT-seroma affected in cell lines of MDA-MB-468 and BT-549. Inhibition of CSC populations in both IORT- or non-IORT-seroma affected MCF-7 cell line. | Zaleska et al. | 2016 | |
| Evaluation of mammosphere formation in BT-474, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and MCF-7 cell lines under treatment of 24h seroma from BC patients in 2D system. | Stimulation of mammosphere formation and also STAT3 activation. | Segatto et al. | 2018 | |
| Evaluation of apoptosis pathways in MCF-7 cell line under treatment of 7-day seroma from BC patients (IORT and non-IORT). | Activation of extrinsic apoptosis pathway by IORT-seroma. | Kulcenty et al. | 2018 | |
| Evaluation of proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231, HCC1937, BT-549, SKBR-3, T-47D and, MCF-7 under 24h seroma treatment from 27 BC patients in 2D system. | Stimulation of proliferation and migration in all the cell lines over 4 days. | Agresti et al. | 2019 | |
| Measurement of the level of breaks double-strand DNA, apoptosis induction and the changes in DNA repair associated gene expression in MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 cell lines under 48h seroma from 16 BC patients (IORT and non-IORT) in 2D system. | Induction of breaks in double-strand DNA and enhanced expression of DNA repair-associated genes in IORT-seroma group. | Piotrowski et al. | 2019 | |
| Evaluation of changes in CSC phenotype and EMT in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines under 48h seroma from 16 BC patients (IORT and non-IORT) in 2D system. | Stimulation of phenotype of CSC and EMT process in non-IORT group and abrogation of them in IORT group. | Kulcenty et al. | 2019 | |
| Microarray analysis of biological processes in MDA-MB-468 under 48h seroma from 43 BC patients (IORT and non-IORT) in 2D system. | Common biological processes in both IORT- and non-IORT groups. | Kulcenty et al. | 2020 | |
| Evaluation of behavior and secretome of MDA-MB-231 and mesenchymal stromal cells under 24h seroma from 42 BC patients (IORT and non-IORT) in 2D system. | Reduced proliferation of MSCs, capacity of wound healing and activity of chemotactic migration under IORT-seroma treatment. | Wuhrer | 2021 | |
| Evaluation of viability, proliferation, migration and invasion in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cell lines under treatment of 24h seroma from 20 BC patients (IORT and non-IORT) in 2D system. | Decreased number of colonies in IORT-seroma affected MCF-7 cells. No significant difference between two groups in expression levels of P21, P16 and Cas3. | Jeibouei et al. | 2022 | |
| Seroma on primary cells | Evaluation of survival rates in cells from human-derived BC cells under 3-day 21 seroma treatment in 2D system. | Increased survival rates and promote drug resistance in seroma-treated cells. | Zhang et al. | 2016 |
| Evaluation of proliferation and migration in human-derived BC tumor spheroids from 4 specimens under seroma treatment from the patients in 3D microfluidic system (IORT and non-IORT) using time laps imaging. | Increased proliferation and migration rate in IORT-treated group compared with control. | Javadi et al. | 2021 | |
| Evaluation of cell viability of human-derived BC tumor spheroids from 23 specimens under seroma treatment from the patients in 3D microfluidic system. | Induction of cell viability in 22 specimens under seroma treatment compared with control. Inhibition of cell viability under seroma treatment in 1 specimen compared with control. | Jeibouei et al. | 2021 | |
| Evaluation of cell viability and measurement of the expression levels of apoptosis and migration/invasion-related proteins in human-derived BC tumor spheroids from 20 specimens under treatment of seroma from the patients (IORT and non-IORT) in 3D microfluidic system. | No significant difference in the percentage of live cells in IORT-seroma and non-IORT-seroma groups. No significant difference in Cas3 expression level between two groups. Higher level of E-cad expression in IORT group. | Jeibouei et al. | 2021 |
Studies are divided into 3 sections, including seroma composition studies, effects of seroma on BC cell lines, and studies on the effects of seroma on primary tumor tissues.