FIGURE 2.

3D Bioprinting approaches can contribute to scalability of organoids-on-a-chip. (A) A cell suspension can be bioprinted inside a predesigned chip to form organoids or (B) organoids can be directly bioprinted inside a regular chip. In both scenarios the development of a specific composition of bioink according to the type of organoid is required. (C) The microfluidics chips can contain sensors, for example, to measure the real-time oxygen consumption from each organoid. Additional assays can be carried out inside the chip. The organoid culture supernatant can be harvested, and the levels of cytokines measured using multiplex assays. Optical transparent chips also allow fluorescent-based assays such as live and dead viability assay (D).