FIGURE 3.

Organoids-on-a-chip for drug development. (A) Human primary cells can be isolated from healthy and unhealthy tissue biopsies and expanded in numbers. The resulting cells can be used to form organoids (B). (C) Organoids can be embedded into hydrogels serving as a bioink for bioprinting protocols inside a chip. To provide scalability to the process, the resulting cells can be embedded into hydrogels serving as a bioink for bioprinting protocols to form organoids inside a chip (D). The convergence of organoids and microfluidic technologies is named in this review as organoids on a chip, serving as a complex 3D organ model for drug development (E).