TABLE 2.
Association between systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate (RHR), pulse pressure (PP), physical fitness, body mass index (BMI) and ADHD
| Variable | Within‐individual associations with ADHD | Cross‐sibling associations with ADHD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth‐year adjusted | Adjusted ORa | Crude | Birth‐year adjusted | ||
| SBP | Low | 1.28 (1.21–1.35) | 1.20 (1.12–1.27) | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) |
| High | 0.90 (0.83–0.96) | 0.93 (0.85‐0.99) | 0.89 (0.80‐0.98) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | |
| DBP | Low | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.01 (0.90–1.10) | 1.01 (0.90–1.10) |
| High | 1.09 (1.03–1.17) | 1.05 (0.97–1.12) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | |
| RHR | Low | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) |
| High | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | 0.95 (0.87–1.02) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | |
| PP | Low | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) |
| High | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | |
| Physical fitness | Low | 1.58 (1.49–1.66) | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) |
| High | 0.62 (0.51–0.72) | 0.81 (0.69–0.92) | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | |
| BMI | Low | 1.31 (1.17–1.46) | 1.02 (0.86–1.18) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) |
| Overweight | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | |
| Obese | 1.65 (1.53–1.78) | 1.45 (1.32–1.59) | 1.31 (1.07–1.62) | 1.31 (1.07–1.62) | |
Note: Crude and adjusted associations within‐individuals and cross‐siblings.
Note: aModel adjusted for birth year, sex, highest education of either parent, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. Crude: Model not adjusted for covariates. Reference class was set to normative/median values. Bolded estimates are significant at α < 0.05.
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; OR, Odds Ratio.