Table 2.
Gender disaggregated levels of empowerment in agriculture and farmer characteristics.
| Variables | Overall | Female (F) | Male (M) | Mean difference (F-M) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empowerment in agriculture index (0–1) | 0.409 (0.009) | 0.282 (0.014) | 0.446 (0.009) | -0.164∗∗∗ |
| Resource | 0.047 (0.003) | 0.046 (0.006) | 0.048 (0.003) | -0.002 |
| Leadership | 0.066 (0.003) | 0.051 (0.006) | 0.070 (0.004) | -0.019∗∗ |
| Time | 0.129 (0.003) | 0.122 (0.007) | 0.131 (0.004) | -0.009 |
| Production | 0.099 (0.003) | 0.033 (0.005) | 0.118 (0.004) | -0.085∗∗∗ |
| Income | 0.056 (0.003) | 0.013 (0.004) | 0.069 (0.004) | -0.056∗∗∗ |
| Commercialization index (0–1) | 0.440 (0.007) | 0.400 (0.016) | 0.453 (0.008) | -0.057∗∗∗ |
| Formal education of the household head (years) | 9.007 (0.129) | 6.532 (0.308) | 9.726 (0.128) | -3195∗∗∗ |
| Proportion accessing government extension | 0.357 (0.017) | 0.340 (0.035) | 0.362 (0.019) | -0.021 |
| Value of farm implemented (KES) | 6,322.501 (159.800) | 4,203.278 (291.237) | 6938.287 (181.124) | -2735.009∗∗∗ |
| Social network intensity (number) | 10.931 (0.319) | 9.484 (0.634) | 11.351 (0.367) | -1.867∗∗∗ |
| Proportion married | 0.762 (0.015) | 0.059 (0.017) | 0.965 (0.007) | -0.907∗∗∗ |
Notes: Values are sample means. Standard errors are in parentheses. Significance of mean differences was tested using t-statistics and reported at the 1% (∗∗∗) and 5% (∗∗) levels. 1 US$ = 100 KES.