Table 2.

Leverage points – alignment between Meadows,¹⁴ Malhi et al.,¹⁶ Senge¹⁵ and the ASM

	Meadows’ 12 Points to Intervene	Intervention Level Framework	Iceberg Model	ASM
−Degree of leverage +	Power to transcend paradigms	Paradigm	Mental models	Beliefs
	Paradigm that the system arises out of
	Goals of the system	Goals	System structures	Goals
	Power to add, change, evolve, or self-organise system structure	System structures		Structures
	Rules of the system
	Structure of information flow
	Gain around driving positive feedback loops	Feedback loops and delays	Patterns
	Strength of negative feedback loops
	Length of delays
	Structure of material stocks and flows	Structural elements	Events	Events
	Size of buffers and other stabilising stocks
	Constants, parameters and numbers

ASM: Action Scales Model.

The alignment between the three models is not as distinct as presented here. For example, Malhi et al.¹⁶ suggest that ‘the rules of the system’ and ‘information flows’ may also be viewed as ‘structural elements’ if they relate to a particular sub-system or actor within the system.