Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease share common risk factors and disease modifiers. When acute kidney injury occurs without preexisting kidney disease, chronic kidney disease still may develop. Conversely, the presence of chronic kidney disease is an important risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury. Either acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease (and presumably their combination) is associated with an increased risk of death and may result in complications such as cardiovascular disease, progressive decreases in kidney function, diminished quality of life, and the development and progression of disability. ESRD denotes end-stage renal disease.