Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies
| References | Plasmodium strain/clonea | Starting parasitemia (%) | Starting hematocrit (%) | Medium (%) | Type of human serum | NAG | Synchronicity | Induction principleb | CR (%) | Mature gametocyte (%) | Viability | Infectivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [54] | 3D7A | 2 | 5 | 10 HS/5 HS + 0.25 Alb | Pooled AB+ | Yes | Sorbitol | Stress (1, 2) | 10–30 | NA | Yes | Yes |
| [29] | P2G12 164/GFP | 1 | 1 | 1 Alb | NA | No | Sorbitol percoll | Stress (1) | NA | NA | Not tested | Not tested |
| [39] | 3D7A, NF54, W2, Dd2, 3D7HT-GFP | 0.2 | 12 | 15 Alb, then 10 Alb | NA | Yes | Sorbitol | Stress (1, 3) | NA | 1–2 | Yes | Not tested |
| [32] | 3D7, NF54, Dd2, FCR3, W2, HB3 | 0.75 | 2 | 10 HS | Pooled AB+ | No | Sorbitol | Stress (4) | 11–23 | ~ 1.2 | Not tested | Not tested |
| [48] | 3D7A, NF54 | 3–5 | 4 | 10 HS | O+ | Yes | Sorbitol percoll/No | Stress (1) | NA | NA | Not tested | Not tested |
| [41] | Pf2004/164-tdTom | 0.3 | 2.5 | 10 HS | NA | No | Sorbitol | Stress (1, 2) | 14–24 | NA | Not tested | Not tested |
| [31] | 3D7, NF54, FCR3, W2, HB3, 7G8 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.5 Alb | NA | Yes | No | Stress (1, 3) | ~ 33 | 4 | Yes | Not tested |
| [37] | NF54 | 1 | 4 | 10 HS | Pooled A+ | No | No | Stress | NA | ~ 2.5 | Yes | Yes |
| [43] | NF54pfs16–LUC−GFP | 3 | 5 | 5 HS + 0.25 Alb | AB+ | Yes | Sorbitol MACS | Stress (1) | 11–33 | – | Not tested | Not tested |
| [38] | 3D7, FCR3 | 0.8–1.1 | 6 | 10 HS | NA | Yes | Sorbitol | Stress (1) | NA | ~ 0,1–0.3 | Yes | Yes |
| [68] | NF54 | 0.6–1 | 5 | 10 HS | Pooled A+ | No | No | Stress | NA | NA | Yes | Yes |
| [55] | NF54, 3D7 | 0.1 | 6 | 10 HS/0.5 Alb + PUFAs | A+ /O+ | Yes | No | Stress (1) | NA | ~ 1 | Not tested | Not tested |
| [42] | NF54-gexp02-Tom, E5-gexp02-Tom, and NF54-10.3-Tom | 1.5 | 3 | 0.5 Alb + 2 mM choline/10 HS | NA | Yes | Sorbitol percoll | Stress, 5 nM DHA for 3 h | 40 | NA | Yes | Yes |
| [50] | NF54 | 0.5 | 4 | 10 HS | O+ | Yes | No | Stress + lactic acid | NA | 3 | Not tested | Yes |
| [46] | E5-PfAP2-G-DD | NA | 4 | 0.5 Alb/10 HS | NA | Yes | Sorbitol percoll | Condition | 90 | NA | No | No |
| [30] | RKL-9 (Rourkela, Odisha) | 0.5 | 10 | 10 HS | AB+ | Yes | Sorbitol | Stress (1) | NA | NA | Not tested | Not tested |
| [45] | NF54/iGP1 GDV1-GFP-DD | 1.5 | 5 | 10 HS | AB+ | Yes | Sorbitol | Condition | 75 | 4 | Yes | Yes |
| [44] | 3D7-gACBG2-GFP | 3 – 5 | 4 | ~ 2 HS + 0.3 Alb | Pooled O+ | Yes | Sorbitol MACS | Stress | NA | NA | Not tested | Not tested |
| [40] | Pf field isolates | 2–3 | 3 | 10 HS + 0.5 Alb | Pooled O+ | Yes | Sorbitol MACS | Stress (2) | NA | NA | Yes | Not tested |
| [47] |
P. knowlesi PkH/FZ8 |
1 | 0.2 /2 | 10% Rhesus pooled sera | Yes | Sorbitol percoll | Stress (1) | NA | < 0.05 | Not tested | Yes |
The “Protocol-type” articles and some studies did not report quantitative gametocyte data. In these articles, the authors state that the methods were validated either by viability assays or by quantitative measurements
Alb Albumax II, CR conversion rate, DHA dihydroartemisin HS human serum, NA not available, NAG N-acetylglucosamine, PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids, Sorbitol MACS MacConkey Agar with Sorbitol
aFor studies that use multiple P. falciparum strains, if the authors specify, the gametocytemia and CR reported correspond to the underlined strain
bAll stress-based gametocytogenesis induction uses high parasitemia as a stress factor. Code: (1) drop in hematocrit; (2) parasite conditioned medium; (3) nutrient starvation; (4) lysed uninfected red blood cells