Table 3.
Distribution of Microbial Strains and Main Resistance Phenotypes Isolated from the Biological Samples Drawn from Infected COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the ICU (Timișoara, Romania, October 2020–May 2021)
| Species Biological Product |
Tracheobronchial Aspirate n=65 | Blood n=48 | Urine n=24 | Sputum n=9 | Wound Swab n=4 | Other n=7 | Feces n=26 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No pathogen [n, %] | 9(13.85) | 2(4.17) | 13(54.17) | 3(33.33) | / | 1(14.28) | / |
| Acinetobacter baumannii [n, %] | 26(40.00) | 5(10.42) | / | 1(11.11) | 1(25.00) | 2(28.57) | / |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae [n, %] | 8(12.31) | 1(2.08) | 2(8.33) | 1(11.11) | / | 1(14.28) | / |
| Klebsiella spp (other than K. pneumoniae) [n, %] | 1(1.54) | 2(4.17) | 1(4.17) | 1(11.11) | / | 1(14.28) | / |
| Enterococcus faecalis [n, %] | 3(4.61) | 7(14.58) | / | / | / | / | / |
| Enterococcus faecium [n, %] | / | 5(10.42) | / | / | / | / | / |
| Enterococcus spp (other than E. faecalis and E. faecium) [n, %] | 2(3.08) | 2(4.17) | 5(20.83) | / | 2(50.00) | 1(14.28) | / |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa [n, %] | 5(7.69) | / | 2(8.33) | 1(11.11) | 1(25.00) | 1(14.28) | / |
| Enterobacter cloacae [n, %] | 4(6.15) | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| Escherichia coli [n, %] | 2(3.08) | 1(2.08) | 1(4.17) | / | / | / | / |
| Staphylococcus aureus [n, %] | 9(13.85) | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| CoNSa [n, %] | / | 29(60.42) | / | / | 1(25.00) | 1(14.28) | / |
| Other strainsb [n, %] | 6(9.23) | 2(4.17) | / | 2(22.22) | 2(50.00) | 1(14.28) | / |
| Clostridioides difficile [n, %] | / | / | / | / | / | / | 26(100) |
| Candida sppc [n, %] | 11(16.92) | 2(4.17) | 13(54.17) | 3(33.33) | / | 2(28.57) | / |
| ESBLE* [n, %] | 30(58.82) | 6(54.54) | 4(36.36) | 2(50.00) | 2(66.67) | 4(80.00) | / |
| CRO* [n, %] | 30(58.82) | 4(36.36) | 2(18.18) | 2(50.00) | 1(33.33) | 4(80.00) | / |
| MRSA** [n, %] | 6(66.67) | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| MR-CoNS** [n, %] | / | 23(79.31) | / | / | 1(100) | 1(100) | / |
| VRE** [n, %] | 1(20.00) | 1(7.14) | 0(0) | / | 0(0) | / | / |
| MDR*** [n, %] | 21(31.82) | 30(55.55) | 3(27.27) | 1(16.67) | 0(0) | 5(62.50) | / |
| XDR*** [n, %] | 25(37.88) | 5(9.26) | 2(18.18) | 2(33.33) | 1(14.28) | 2(25.00) | / |
Notes: aCoNS strains included - Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolythicus. bOther strains included - Proteus mirabilis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Hafnia alvei, Group C, G beta hemolytic Streptococcus, Serratia odorifera etc. cCandida spp strains included Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis. *Percentages related to the number of Gram negative strains. **Percentages related to the number of strains from the respective species/genus. ***Percentages related to the total number of bacterial strains isolated from the biological product.
Abbreviations: n, number; CoNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci; ESBLE, extended spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacterales; CRO, carbapenem-resistant organisms; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MR-CoNS, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci; VRE, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus; MDR, multi-drug resistant; XDR, extensively drug-resistant.