Fig. 2.

VAR data. Notes: This figure presents the growth rate of the average life expectancy (first chart), the growth rate of the age-adjusted death rate (second chart), and the unemployment rate (third chart) for the overall US population. The original series are presented in gray circled lines. For the first two series, we compare with the smoothed estimates from our model (green lines). The data span from 1950 to 2017. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)