Fig. 3.

VAR data by race and gender. Notes: This figure presents the growth rate of the average life expectancy (first column), the growth rate of the age-adjusted death rate (second column), and the unemployment rate (third column) for distinct groups identified based on race and gender. The original series are presented in gray circled lines. For the first two series, we compare with the smoothed estimates from our model (green lines). The data span from 1954 to 2017 for the White population, and from 1972 to 2017 for the African-American population. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)