Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analyses on the association between the percentage energy contribution towards total energy intake that came from ultra-processed foods (in terciles) and the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010).
| Males | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra-processed foods | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | |
| Tercile 1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tercile 2 | 0.95 (0.87-1.03) | 0,97 (0.89-1.05) | 0.99 (0.91-1.08) | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) |
| Tercile 3 (highest) | 0.85 (0.77-0.92)***& | 0,88 (0.81-0.96)**& | 0.93 (0.85-1.02) | 0.93 (0.84-1.02) | 0.93 (0.84-1.02) |
| Females | |||||
| Ultra-processed foods | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | ARM (95% CI) | |
| Tercile 1 (lowest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tercile 2 | 1.04 (0.95-1.13) | 1.04 (0.96-1.14) | 1.07 (0.98-1.17) | 1.06 (0.98-1.16) | 1.01 (0.93-1.10) |
| Tercile 3 (highest) | 1.08 (1.00-1.17)*& | 1.09 (1.01-1.19)*& | 1.14 (1.04-1.24)**& | 1.14 (1.04-1.24)**& | 1.00 (0.92-1.08) |
Ultra-processed foods: percentage energy contribution towards total energy intake that came from ultra-processed foods, in terciles.
ARM (95% CI) = arithmetic mean ratio and 95% confidence interval estimated using a generalized linear model.
Model 0 = crude analysis; model 1 = adjusted for age (continuous); model 2 = model 1 + race/skin color and educational attainment; model 3 = model 2 + smoking and physical activity; model 4 = model 3 + body mass index (kg/m2).
*P-value < 0.05; **P-value < 0.01; ***P-value < 0.001; &P-value < 0.05 for linear trend in the association between the percentage energy from ultra-processed foods (in terciles) and CRP.