Table 2. Univariate regression analysis on parameters evaluated among systemic lupus erythematosus patients .
| Factor | SDI = 0 | SDI ≥ 1 | OR | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Gender | [m] | 0 (0.0) | 6 (10.3) | |||
| f | 25 (100.0) | 52 (89.7) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.999 | |
| Age | 1.094 | 1.032-1.160 | 0.002 | |||
| Age at disease onset | 1.028 | 0.997-1.082 | 0.292 | |||
| Disease duration | 1.096 | 1.018-1.180 | 0.015 | |||
| Time elapsed until diagnosis | 1.013 | 0.978-1.048 | 0.469 | |||
| Number of criteria at diagnosis | 0.757 | 0.515-1.114 | 0.158 | |||
| SLEDAI | 1.065 | 0.978-1.149 | 0.106 | |||
| Anti-dsDNA Ab | 0.995 | 0.989-1.001 | 0.122 | |||
| Positive anti-dsDNA Ab | 19 (32.8) | 39 (67.2) | 0.648 | 0.223-1.888 | 0.427 | |
| Antinucleosome Ab | 0.994 | 0.998-1.000 | 0.066 | |||
| Positive antinucleosome Ab | 20 (32.3) | 42 (27.6) | 0.656 | 0.211-2.045 | 0.468 | |
| Anti-C1q Ab | 0.983 | 0.936-1.004 | 0.112 | |||
| Positive anti-C1q Ab | 11 (42.3) | 15 (57.7) | 0.444 | 0.166-1.188 | 0.106 | |
| Co-positivity for three antibodies | 9 (39.1) | 14 (60.9) | 0.566 | 0.205-1.560 | 0.271 | |
| sMCP1 | 1.000 | 0.999-1.000 | 0.179 | |||
| uMCP1 | 0.996 | 0.991-1.000 | 0.074 | |||
| Prednisone dose | 1.023 | 0.971-1.077 | 0.399 | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 15 (41.7) | 21 (58.3) | 0.378 | 0.144-0.991 | 0.048 | |
| Azathioprine | 1 (5.9) | 16 (94.1) | 9.143 | 1.140-73.301 | 0.037 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine + Azathioprine | 4 (28.6) | 10 (71.4) | 1.094 | 0.308-3.886 | 0.890 | |
| Cyclophosphamide pulsed dose | 6 (31.6) | 13 (77.4) | 0.915 | 0.303-2.765 | 0.875 | |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | 1.190 | 0.323-4.386 | 0.793 | |
| Physician’s global assessment | [0] | 8 (66.7) | 4 (33.3) | |||
| 1 | 10 (25.6) | 29 (74.4) | 5.800 | 1.432-23.496 | 0.014 | |
| 2 | 3 (15.8) | 16 (84.2) | 10.667 | 1.909-59.615 | 0.007 | |
| 3 | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) | 4.500 | 0.837-24.183 | 0.080 | |
| Antiphospholipid syndrome | 1 (7.7) | 12 (92.3) | 6.261 | 0.768-51.068 | 0.087 | |
| Education (years) | [≤ 12] | 21 (30.0) | 49 (70.0) | |||
| > 12 | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) | 0.964 | 0.267-3.982 | 0.956 | |
| Hypertension | 13 (31.0) | 29 (69.0) | 0.923 | 0.361-2.359 | 0.867 | |
| Proteinuria > 0.5 g | 8 (28.6) | 20 (71.4) | 1.118 | 0.412-3.039 | 0.826 | |
| Osteopenia and osteoporosis | [normal BMD] | 7 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) | |||
| osteopenia | 17 (32.7) | 35 (67.3) | 1.029 | 0.351-3.021 | 0.958 | |
| osteoporosis | 1 (10.0) | 9 (90.0) | 4.500 | 0.471-42.970 | 0.191 | |
| Lupus nephritis | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0.882 | 0.134-5.815 | 0.896 | |
| Lupus CNS | 2 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) | 3.659 | 0.765-17.501 | 0.104 | |
| Coronary disease, stroke and peripheral atherosclerosis | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.999 | |
| Mean value of fatigue scale | 1.336 | 0.980-1.821 | 0.067 | |||
| Severe fatigue | [≤ 4] | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | |||
| > 4 | 18 (25.7) | 52 (74.3) | 3.370 | 1.021-11.360 | 0.047 | |
| SF-36 physical health score | 0.976 | 0.957-0.994 | 0.011 | |||
| SF-36 mental health score | 0.978 | 0.959-0.997 | 0.022 | |||
| SF-36 general health score | 0.972 | 0.952-0.992 | 0.008 |
[ ] = reference category; SDI = Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; SLEDAI = Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; anti-dsDNA Ab = anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies; sMCP1 = serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; uMCP1 = urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CNS = central nervous system; SF-36 = Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36; BMD = bone mineral density.