Figure 5:

Anti-TGF-β blockade stimulates efficient penetration of T cells into the tumor core, compared to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Mice with established CCK168 SCC subcutaneous tumors were treated with two doses of antibody therapy on day 15 and 19 after tumor cell implantation, and examined four days later by immunohistochemistry to detect CD45⁺ total immune cells and CD8⁺ T cells. Note that anti-PD-1 stimulates CD45⁺ cell levels, but fails to provide efficient infiltration into the center of the tumor, whereas anti-TGF- monotherapy results in efficient penetration of T cells into the core. Combination therapy enhances CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell activity and CD4⁺Th1:Treg ratio, resulting in tumor shrinkage (reproduced with modifications from Dodagatta-Marri et al.¹⁴⁵.

For Figure 5, please refer to Figure 5 of Derynck, R., Turley, S.J., and Akhurst, R.J. (2021) TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Nature Reviews in Clinical Oncology, 18, 9–34