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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 5.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Jul 5;80(1):36–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.039

Central Illustration. Cardiovascular outcomes across subgroups stratified by history of HF.

Central Illustration.

Cardiovascular safety outcomes in subgroups by history of HF of 1:1 PS-matched hydroxychloroquine vs. methotrexate initiators. Patients with history of HF included in the subgroup analyses were 6,818 while patients without history of HF were 47,442. Relative effect estimates for individual outcomes are indicated by the squares and 95% CI by horizontal lines. The null value equal to 1 is indicated by a dashed vertical line. A p-value for homogeneity < 0.05 is suggestive of treatment effect modification. ABBREVIATIONS: MACE, 3-point major adverse cardiac events (i.e., myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality); HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HF, heart failure; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; MTX, methotrexate.