Table III.
Patient development of gangrene. Categorical variables are presented as total number with percentages; nonnormally distributed continuous variables are expressed as median with IQR
| COVID-19 |
Total |
P-value (COVID-19) | P-Value (total) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-gangrene N = 237 | Gangrene N = 12 | No-gangrene N = 485 | Gangrene N = 13 | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Agea | 60 (19.5) | 59.5 (14) | 60 (23) | 60 (15.5) | 0.689 | 0.918 |
| Male (%) | 137 (57.8%) | 8 (66.7%) | 273 (54.8%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0.706 | |
| BMIa | 30 (9.15) | 33 (10.48) | 28.7 (8.7) | 35 (8.95) | 0.144 | 0.013 |
| Ethnicity | - | - | - | - | 0.722 | 0.585 |
| White | 13 | 1 | 85 | 2 | - | - |
| African American | 11 | 0 | 49 | 0 | - | - |
| Hispanic | 190 | 11 | 320 | 11 | - | - |
| Asian | 21 | 0 | 26 | 0 | - | - |
| Native American | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | ||
| Comorbid Conditions | ||||||
| COVID-19 (%) | - | - | 237 (48.9%) | 12 (92.3%) | - | 0.002 |
| Diabetes Mellitus (%) | 130 (54.8%) | 11 (91.7%) | 221 (45.5%) | 12 (92.3%) | 0.012 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 114 (48%) | 8 (66.7%) | 260 (53.6%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.209 | 0.265 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 67 (28.3%) | 8 (66.7%) | 133 (27.4%) | 9 (69.2%) | 0.005 | <0.001 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 34 (14%) | 3 (25%) | 65 (13.4%) | 4 (30.7%) | 0.311 | 0.074 |
| End Stage Renal | 17 (7.2%) | 2 (16.7%) | 35 (7.2%) | 2 (15.4%) | 0.227 | 0.268 |
| Disease | ||||||
| Congestive Heart | 27 (11.4%) | 3 (25%) | 53 (11%) | 3 (23%) | 0.158 | 0.171 |
| Failure | ||||||
| Coronary Artery | 54 (24.1%) | 4 (34%) | 94 (19.4%) | 5 (38%) | 0.399 | 0.089 |
| Disease | ||||||
| Chronic Obstructive | 18 (7.6%) | 3 (25%) | 34 (7.8%) | 3 (23%) | 0.034 | 0.029 |
| Pulmonary Disease | ||||||
| Asthma | 9 (3.7) | 1 (8.3%) | 19 (3.9%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.435 | 0.494 |
| Cerebrovascular | 11 (4.6%) | 2 (16.7%) | 96 (19.8%) | 3 (23%) | 0.068 | 0.770 |
| Disease | ||||||
| Cirrhosis | 5 (2.1%) | 0 | 14 (2.9%) | 0 | 0.611 | 0.534 |
| Dementia | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (16.7%) | 11 (2.3%) | 2 (15%) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Arterial Disease | 50 (21.1%) | 2 (16.7%) | 62 (12.8%) | 3 (23%) | 0.713 | 0.277 |
| Venous Disease | 4 (1.7%) | 0 | 12 (2.5%) | 0 | 0.650 | 0.566 |
| Hypercoagulable State | 39 (16.5%) | 1 (8.3%) | 46 (9.5%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.455 | 0.827 |
| Smoking | 20 (8.4%) | 4 (34%) | 112 (23.1%) | 5 (38.5%) | 0.004 | 0.197 |
| Medication Use | ||||||
| Aspirin | 69 (29%) | 2 (16.7%) | 143 (29.5%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.351 | 0.616 |
| Clopidogrel | 19 (8%) | 0 | 50 (10.3%) | 0 | 0.307 | 0.222 |
| Other Antiplatelet | - | - | 2 (0.4%) | 0 | - | 0.817 |
| Coumadin | 8 (3.34%) | 0 | 12 (2.5%) | 0 | 0.518 | 0.566 |
| Direct Oral | 11 (4.6%) | 1 (8.3%) | 28 (5.8%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.560 | 0.771 |
| Anticoagulant | ||||||
| Statin | 59 (25%) | 3 (25%) | 145 (30%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.993 | 0.595 |
| Patient Outcomes | ||||||
| Hospital Length of Staya | 8 (9) | 22.5 (27) | 5 (82) | 20 (65) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Blood Transfusion (%) | 51 (22%) | 5 (42%) | 90 (18.6%) | 6 (46.2%) | 0.103 | 0.013 |
| Mortality (%) | 98 (41.2%) | 5 (42%) | 127 (26.2%) | 5 (38.5%) | 0.983 | 0.322 |
| Major Amputation (%) | 0 | 4 (34%) | 0 | 4 (31%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Minor Amputation (%) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Revascularization (%) | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (16.7%) | 5 (1%) | 2 (15.4%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hospital Anticoagulation | ||||||
| Therapeutic | 28 (12%) | 7 (58%) | 49 (10%) | 7 (54%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulation Started | ||||||
| (%) | ||||||
| Timing of | - | - | - | - | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulation | ||||||
| Not Started | 221 (93.2%) | 6 (50%) | 448 (92.3%) | 7 (54%) | - | |
| Admission | 16 (6.8%) | 3 (25%) | 37 (7.6%) | 3 (23.1%) | - | |
| Hospital Day 2 | 0 | 3 (25%) | 0 | 3 (23.1%) | - | |
| Contraindications (%) | 7 (3%) | 5 (42%) | 15 (3.1%) | 5 (38.5%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Significant differences are bolded.
a
Analyzed with nonparametric Mann Whitney U test. All other comparisons were analyzed with chi-squared test.