Table 2.
Descriptive and univariate analyses of sociodemographic, clinical, and disease characteristics of TB patients stratified by first episode and recurrence and multivariate model for recurrent TB (n = 2000).
| Factors | Descriptive statistics | Univariate testa | Multivariate test b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary (%) | Recurrence (%) | χ 2 p value | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Age | Median (IQR) | 30 (28) | 32 (23.5) | — | 0.001 | 1.011 (1.004–1.017) |
| BMI | Median (IQR) | 18.6 (5.2) | 18.1 (4.2) | — | 0.06 | 0.972 (0.942–1.001) |
| Gender | Females | 39.5 | 40.4 | 0.03 (0.806) | — | — |
| Males | 60.5 | 59.6 | ||||
|
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| Employment status | Unemployed | 53.9 | 49.3 | 1.49 (0.222) | — | — |
| Employed | 46.1 | 50.7 | ||||
|
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| Provincial status | Non-Punjabi | 25.4 | 21.1 | 1.79 (0.182) | — | — |
| Punjabi | 74.6 | 78.9 | ||||
|
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| Marital status | Married | 62.1 | 65.5 | 0.81 (0.369) | — | — |
| Single | 37.9 | 34.5 | ||||
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| Socioeconomic status | <25000 | 87.9 | 81.6 | 7.12 (0.028) | — | — |
| 25001–40000 | 7.7 | 11.2 | ||||
| >40000 | 4.4 | 7.2 | ||||
|
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| Educational status | Higher secondary | 32.7 | 37.2 | 5.93 (0.052) | — | — |
| Secondary | 29.3 | 21.5 | ||||
| Uneducated | 38.0 | 41.3 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| BCG vaccinated | 28.2 | 19.7 | 6.82 (0.009) | — | — | |
| HIV positive | 0.28 | 0 | 0.007 (0.935) | — | — | |
| Positive family history | 25.2 | 2.9 | 0.28 (0.594) | — | — | |
| Smokers | 21.3 | 3.2 | 1.45 (0.228) | — | — | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8.3 | 6.7 | 0.44 (0.505) | — | — | |
| Cardiac vascular diseases | 1.7 | 2.7 | 0.63 (0.427) | — | — | |
| Type of TB | EPTB ∗ | 16.8 | 9.0 | 8.44 (0.004) | — | — |
| PTB ∗∗ | 83.2 | 91.0 | ||||
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| Xpert MTB-RIF | Tested | 37.8 | 29.1 | 200.65 (<0.001) | ||
| Not tested | 62.2 | 70.9 | ||||
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| Awareness of TB | No | 78.7 | 60.1 | 37.14 (<0.001) | ||
| Yes | 21.3 | 39.9 | <0.001 | 1.906 (1.486–2.437) | ||
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| AFB sputum | Negative | 39.0 | 10.8 | 175.8 (<0.001) | 0.03 | 0.580 (0.352–0.945) |
| Nil | 30.2 | 13.5 | ||||
| Positive | 30.8 | 75.8 | <0.001 | 2.384 (1.650–3.536) | ||
|
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| Drug resistance | DS-TB ∗∗∗ | 98.1 | 61.0 | |||
| DR-TB ∗∗∗∗ | 1.9 | 39.0 | 473.3 (<0.001) | <0.001 | 5.615 (4.265–7.386) | |
a Pearson chi-square test was used for association of factors with cases and a p value of <0.05 was considered significant. b Multivariate regression model was used for the association of risk factors with cases. Only those factors were included in the model whose correlation coefficient is <0.6. ∗extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, ∗∗ pulmonary tuberculosis, ∗∗∗drug-sensitive tuberculosis, ∗∗∗∗drug-resistant tuberculosis.