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. 2022 Nov 11;98(9):493–516. doi: 10.2183/pjab.98.025

Figure 9.

Figure 9.

Structure of vertically aligned (VA) LCDs and operation principles. (a) Under the quiescent condition (Voff). (b) Under an operation voltage (Von). Reproduced with permission from Ref. 28 (IET©).