Figure 14.

(a), (b), (c) Microphotographs of reverse tilt disclinations, which decrease with the application of voltage, and (d) an example of defect-free black and white switching, which is achieved with a pretilt angle of 2°–3° by performing the rubbing process proposed by S. Kobayashi and F. Takeuchi in 1972.^{17,19,23,24,35,50)}