Table 1.
Adsorption removal technologies of MPs in natural water.
| Removal mechanism | Removal technologies | Material | Types of MPs | Maximum adsorption capacity | Removal efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adsorption | Oat protein sponges | Oat protein isolate | 1 μm PS (1 mg per L suspension) | 5.7 mg L−1 (25 °C, MPs = 15 mg L−1) | The highest rate was 81.2% | [29] |
| Sponge | ChGO | 1 μm PS (1 mg L−1) | 8.461 mg L−1 (45 °C) | The highest rate was 92.2% | [27] | |
| 1 μm PS–COOH (1 mg L−1) | N/A | The highest rate was 74.9% | ||||
| 1 μm PS–NH2 (1 mg L−1) | N/A | The highest rate was 90.2% | ||||
| Chitin-based sponge | ChCN, ChGO, and ChGO−CT | 1 μm PS (1 mg L−1) | 9.67 mg L−1 (ChGO, 45 °C) | 89.6–92.1% | [30] | |
| 1 μm PS–COOH (1 mg L−1) | 8.86 mg L−1 (ChGO, 45 °C) | 80.4–81.3% | ||||
| 1 μm PS–NH2 (1 mg L−1) | 12.9 mg L−1 (ChCN, 45 °C) | 83.2–87.1% | ||||
| Biochar and modified biochar | MBCs | 1 μm, 100 mg mL−1 PS | 100.6 mg g−1 | 94.81% | [32] | |
| Mg−MBCs | 98.52 mg g−1 | 98.75% | ||||
| Zn−MBCs | 99.21 mg g−1 | 99.46% | ||||
| Three-dimensional graphene | 3D RGO | 5 μm monodisperse PS microspheres (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 g L−1) | 617.28 mg g−1 (pH = 6, 26 °C, C0 = 600 mg L−1, t = 120 min) | Tap water (56.08%, 448.60 mg g−1); micropolluted water (53.85%, 430.78 mg g−1); distilled water (66.63%, 533.06 mg g−1) | [31] | |
| Photocatalytic TiO2-based Micromotor | Au@mag@TiO2, mag = Ni, Fe | Separated and extracted from personal care products and Baltic Sea and Warnow river | N/A | 71% in 0.2% H2O2 solution | [36] | |
| 67% in Warnow river | ||||||
| Bubble-propelled iron oxides−MnO2 core-shell MNMs | Fe2O3–MnO2 MNMs |
separated and extracted from the facial cleanser | N/A | Separated more than 10% of the suspended MPs from the polluted water in 2 h | [37] | |
| Zirconium metal–organic framework-based foam | UiO-66-OH@MF-3 | PVDF (∼260 nm), PMMA (∼325 nm), PS (∼183 nm) |
N/A | The highest rate was 95.5 ± 1.2% | [38] | |
| Zn–Al LDH | Zn–Al LDH | 55 nm PS (250 mg L−1) | 164.49 mg g−1 (deionized water); 162.62 mg g−1 (synthetic freshwater); 53.27 mg g−1 (synthetic hard water) | 100% (pH 4); 37% (pH 9) | [39] | |
| GAC | Granular coconut shell-based Activated Carbon | PS latex NPs (90 ± 7 nm, 3 g L−1) | 2.20 ± 0.06 mg g−1 in ultrapure water | 98% | [40] | |
| 6.33 ± 0.20 mg g−1 in natural surface water from Lake Geneva | 90% | |||||
| Coffee grounds | Coffee grounds biowaste | Fluorescent-orange amine-modified PS beads (fluo-NP, 100 nm, 25,000 mg L−1) | 4 mg g−1 (t = 40 min) | The maximum adsorption efficiency 74% | [41] | |
| Magnetic adsorption | Hydrophobic Fe nanoparticles | Modified Fe nanoparticles binding MPs | MPs in three size ranges, large (1–8 mm), medium (200 μm–1 mm), and small (<20 μm) | N/A | For the large size MPs: 74–105%, for the medium size MPs: 59–100% for RO water and 49–90% for sediment, for the small MPs: ∼90% | [42] |
| M−CNTs | M−CNTs | PE, PET, and PA (diameter 48 μm, 5 g L−1) | 1650 mg M−CNTs per g PE; 1400 mg M−CNTs per g PET; 1100 mg M−CNTs per g PA | 100% | [43] |