Table 2.
Enrichment and removal technologies of MPs in natural water.
| Removal mechanism | Removal technologies | Material | Types of MPs | Removal efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filtration | Biofilter structures | (a) Crushed light-expanded clay aggregates without biochar or amended with biochar, (b) Filtralite P clay aggregates, (c) Crushed concrete, or (d) Filter sand | Fluorescent PE MPs beads up to 10 μm in diameter, coated with luminescence dye (0.02 g mL−1) | 100% | [47] |
| Silica-based ceramic hollow fiber (HF) microporous membrane | guinea cornhusk ash (GCHA) | PVC, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (50 mg L−1) | 88.8–97.2% | [48] | |
| Electrocoagulation | Electrocoagulation | Reactor, electrodes | PE (Fluorescent green, spherical microbeads of 300–355 μm 0.997 g cm−3, 0.1 g L−1) | The highest removal efficiency being 90–100% | [54] |
| Flocculation | Natural bio-flocculant | Lysozyme amyloid fibrils | Carboxylated PS particles (500 nm, 50 mg mL−1) | Turbidity and TOC decreased by 98.2 and 93.4%, respectively | [51] |
| Noncovalent interactions | Pressure-sensitive adhesive | Zirconium silicate beads coated with poly (2-ethylhexyl acrylate) | PS (10 μm, 2 mg mL−1) | 99% | [52] |
| Collect and fuse plastic particles into large bulks in the microbubble | Solar energy | Spherical K5 glass balls | Monodisperse PS colloids (60 nm, 90 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 1 μm, and 3 μm PS) | Maximum collection efficiency over 70% | [53] |