Table 3.

Removal technology of MPs in marine.

Removal technologies	Material	Removal mechanism	Types of MPs	Removal efficiency	Reference
Non-fluorinated superhydrophobic aluminium surface	Combining anodisation and the liquid-phase deposition of lauric acid	Superhydrophobic/superoleophilic wetting properties	53 ± 7 MP mL−1 of PP−MPs (size = 262 ± 4 μm) (the solvent is 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution)	>99%	[59]
MPC	Patterned PDMS with inlet and outlet holes bonded to a slide via oxygen plasma	Concentrate particles of specific sizes with the balance of inertial lift force and Dean drag force in a fully enclosed system	Blank NaCl solutions containing 20 μm green PS beads, 5 μm red PS beads, and 1 μm green PS beads (3 × 10−5 g mL−1)	≥90%	[60]
Tetraselmis sp., Gloeocapsa sp., Microcystis panniformis, Scenedesmus sp.	EPS	EPS and MPs form hetero-aggregates	PMMA, PS (<106 μm; 106–250 μm), density (high and low) (12.5 and 125 mg L−1)	N/A	[61]
Cyanothece sp.	EPS	EPS to aggregate NPs and MPs	0.1 μm PS−NPs and 10 μm PS−MPs (solution in deionized water containing 0.1% Tween 20, 1 and 10 mg L−1)	N/A	[62]
A bacterial biofilm with a “capture-release mechanism”	EPS	EPS can cause bioaggregation of MPs	MPs (106–300 μm) in seawater	N/A	[63]
PDA@Fe3O4 (MagRobots)	Coating Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a polymeric layer of dopamine via one-step self-polymerization.	Mimicking basic characteristics of the adhesive chemistry practiced by marine mussels	MPs solution (2 mg mL−1)	N/A	[64]
Jellyfish mucus	C. tuberculata, A. aurita, and R. pulmo jellyfish and M. leidyi	Jellyfish mucus can efficiently sequester PS−MPs particles from the suspension	PS microspheres, dyed with Fluorescent Green with the average particle size of 48 μm, particle density of 1.05 g cm−3, refractive index 1.59	N/A	[65]