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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 6.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatr Serv. 2022 Jun 16;73(12):1330–1337. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.202100665

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of primary care patients with opioid use disorder in six U.S. health care systems, fiscal years 2014–2016

Females (N=7,431)
 Males (N=6,548)
 Total (N=13,979)
Characteristic N % N % N %
Age in years
 16–17 109 1.5 84 1.3 193 1.4
 18–25 963 13.0 1,164 17.8 2,127 15.2
 26–35 1,413 19.0 1,444 22.1 2,857 20.4
 36–45 1,300 17.5 1,029 15.7 2,329 16.7
 46–55 1,522 20.5 1,190 18.2 2,712 19.4
 56–65 1,216 16.4 1,119 17.1 2,335 16.7
 66–75 543 7.3 383 5.8 926 6.6
 >75 365 4.9 135 2.1 500 3.6
Race-ethnicity
 Hispanic 433 5.8 429 6.6 862 6.2
 Non-Hispanic
  White 5,904 79.5 5,077 77.5 10,981 78.6
  Black 490 6.6 434 6.6 924 6.6
  Asian 72 1.0 104 1.6 176 1.3
  Native American or Alaska Native 90 1.2 60 0.9 150 1.1
  Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 15 .2 26 .4 41 .3
  Multiracial 272 3.7 196 3.0 468 3.3
  Other 49 .7 49 .7 98 .7
  Unknown 106 1.4 173 2.6 279 2.0
Insurance typea 1,412 25.4 957 19.3 2,369 22.5
 Medicare 1,412 25.4 957 19.3 2,369 22.5
 Commercial 2,959 53.2 3,203 64.6 6,162 58.6
 Medicaid 1,047 18.8 635 12.8 1,682 16.0
 Uninsured 142 2.6 160 3.2 302 2.9
Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥2b 430 5.8 461 7.0 891 6.4
Hepatitis C virus 543 7.3 692 10.6 1,235 8.8
HIV or AIDS 24 .3 108 1.6 132 .9
Active opioid use disorderc 6,902 92.9 6,052 92.4 12,954 92.7
Opioid use disorder in remissionc 1,823 24.5 1,829 27.9 3,652 26.1
Opioid use disorder treatmentd 1,312 17.7 1,561 23.8 2,873 20.6
 Buprenorphine 1,283 17.3 1,522 23.2 2,805 20.1
 Injectable extended-release naltrexone 61 .8 73 1.1 134 1.0
Nicotine use disorder 4,377 58.9 4,061 62.0 8,438 60.4
a

Excludes HealthPartners because insurance status was unavailable (N=1,871 females and 1,593 males).

b

The score is a sum of 17 comorbid conditions weighted according to the relative risk for 1-year mortality; a higher score indicates increased disease burden and risk of death.

c

Not mutually exclusive categories because a patient may have received diagnoses of both active opioid use disorder and opioid use disorder in remission during the study period.

d

Defined as one or more prescription or procedure codes for buprenorphine formulations used to manage opioid use disorder (transmucosal, implants, or sustained injection) or injectable extended-release naltrexone throughout the health system.