Table 2.

Crude and adjusted associations between parental epigenetic age acceleration and child ASD and non-typical development at 36 months of age

	Crude model		Adjusted modela
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Maternal epigenetic age acceleration
Horvath’s clock
TD	Ref		Ref
non-TD	0.98 (0.89, 1.07)	0.60	0.94 (0.86, 1.06)	0.38
ASD	1.07 (0.97, 1.19)	0.19	1.12 (0.99, 1.26)	0.06
Hannum’s clock
TD	Ref		Ref
non-TD	0.97 (0.86, 1.08)	0.55	0.95 (0.83, 1.10)	0.50
ASD	0.99 (0.86, 1.13)	0.84	0.95 (0.81, 1.17)	0.55
PhenoAge
TD	Ref		Ref
non-TD	0.98 (0.90, 1.07)	0.65	0.96 (0.86, 1.06)	0.39
ASD	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	0.53	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)	0.50
Paternal epigenetic age acceleration
Horvath’s clock
TD	Ref		Ref
non-TD	1.00 (0.91, 1.10)	0.97	1.05 (0.90, 1.21)	0.54
ASD	0.97 (0.86, 1.09)	0.62	0.83 (0.68, 1.01)	0.06
Hannum’s clock
TD	Ref		Ref
non-TD	1.03 (0.93, 1.14)	0.53	1.09 (0.93, 1.26)	0.29
ASD	1.00 (0.88, 1.15)	0.95	0.80 (0.63, 1.02)	0.07
PhenoAge
TD	Ref		Ref
non-TD	1.00 (0.90, 1.12)	0.98	1.02 (0.87, 1.20)	0.83
ASD	0.97 (0.85, 1.12)	0.72	0.84 (0.69, 1.02)	0.08

Estimated Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CI) are shown per one unit increase in epigenetic age acceleration. ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder; Non-TD, Non-Typical Development; TD, Typical Development.

^aAdjusted for study site, child’s sex, top five ancestry principal components (PCs), and maternal or paternal education.