Table 4.

Crude and adjusted associations between parental epigenetic age acceleration and child Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Early Learning Composite (ELC) scores collected at 12 months and 36 months of age

	Crude model		Adjusted modela
	beta (95% CI)	p-value	beta (95% CI)	p-value
MSEL-ELC scores at 12 months
Maternal epigenetic age acceleration
Horvath’s clock	−0.35 (−1.58, 0.89)	0.58	−0.38 (−1.66, 0.90)	0.55
Hannum’s clock	−1.19 (−2.74, 0.36)	0.13	−1.66 (−3.28, −0.04)	0.04
PhenoAge	−0.27 (−1.51, 0.98)	0.67	−0.49 (−1.76, 0.78)	0.45
Paternal epigenetic age acceleration
Horvath’s clock	0.57 (−0.63, 1.77)	0.35	1.05 (−0.20, 2.30)	0.10
Hannum’s clock	−0.71 (−2.09, 0.67)	0.31	−0.17 (−1.57, 1.23)	0.80
PhenoAge	0.21 (−1.18, 1.60)	0.76	0.63 (−.72, 1.97)	0.35
MSEL-ELC scores at 36 months
Maternal epigenetic age acceleration
Horvath’s clock	0.15 (−0.66, 0.97)	0.71	0.17 (−0.06, 0.96)	0.67
Hannum’s clock	0.34 (−0.73, 1.41)	0.53	0.31 (−0.74, 1.36)	0.56
PhenoAge	0.002 (−0.81, 0.81)	0.99	0.11 (−0.66, 0.89)	0.77
Paternal epigenetic age acceleration
Horvath’s clock	−0.05 (−1.02, 0.92)	0.92	0.43 (−0.50, 1.36)	0.36
Hannum’s clock	−0.25 (−1.33, 0.82)	0.64	0.45 (−0.54, 1.44)	0.37
PhenoAge	−0.20 (−1.31, 0.92)	0.73	0.56 (−0.43, 1.56)	0.26

Note: MSEL, Mullen Scales of Early Learning; ELC, early learning composite. Estimated beta coefficients and 95% confidential intervals (CI) are shown per one unit increase in epigenetic age acceleration.

^aAdjusted for study site, child’s sex, top 5 ancestry principal components (PCs), and maternal or paternal education