Table 2.

Results of subgroup analysis and meta-regression for the prevalence of psychological child abuse.

Categorical moderators	No. of studies	Prevalence (95 % CI)	Subgroup differences Q	P value
Continent
North America	3	0.47 (0.13–0.83)	139.28	<0.001
Europe	2	0.18 (0.01–0.99)
Asia	7	0.35 (0.22–0.50)
Africa	1	0.88(0.86–0.90)
World Bank income level
Low income	2	0.77 (0.01–0.99)	8.71	0.01
Middle Income	3	0.31 (0.06–0.76)
High Income	8	0.33 (0.20–0.50)
Sampling			0.00	0.95
Random	8	0.39 (0.26–0.53)
Non-random	5	0.40 (0.09–0.81)
Measure
PCCTS	5	0.32 (0.12–0.60)	0.99	0.61
BRFSS	4	0.42 (0.19–0.68)
Others	4	0.48 (0.09–0.89)

Continuous moderators	Estimate	Std. Error	z value	Pr(>|z|)	Importance
Unemployment rate	0.03	0.04	0.74	0.46	0.51
Weeks since the onset of Corvid 19	−0.02	0.04	0.49	0.62	0.61