Table 3.
Socio-demographic and contextual factors associated with current e-cigarette use among youth by multi-level regression analyses.
| Univariate analyses | Multi-level model 1 | Multi-level model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adj. OR (95% CI) | Adj. OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Age groups (in years) | ||||||
| 11–13 | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 |
| 14 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) | |||
| 15 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.34) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | |||
| ≥ 16 | 1.7 (1.49, 2.0.) | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 3.2 (2.9, 3.6) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.7) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.7) | ||
| Current cigarette smoker | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 12.4 (11.2, 13.7) | < 0.001 | 9.9 (9.6,10.4) | 9.9 (9.5, 10.3) | ||
| Contextual factors | ||||||
| E-cigarette regulatory policy status | ||||||
| NRP | 1 | 1 | ||||
| LRP | 2.5 (2.0, 3.1) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.401 | ||
| RP | 2.2 (1.8, 2.5) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) | < 0.001 | ||
| MRP | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.069 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| World Bank taxonomy | ||||||
| lMIC | 1 | 1 | ||||
| uMIC | 1.6 (1.3, 1.8) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.011 | ||
| HIC | 2.8 (2.4, 3.2) | < 0.001 | 2.4 (2.2, 2.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| Random-effects parameters | ||||||
| School level | SD | 0.00000003 | 0.00000002 | |||
| SE | 0.000664 | 0.0004885 | ||||
| Country level | SD | 0.8746556 | 0.6879336 | |||
| SE | 0.208748 | 0.0182421 | ||||
| Model comparison | ||||||
| Likelihood | Chi-square statistic | 4384.7 | 2552.8 | |||
| Ratio testa | P value | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||
aBased on the results on likelihood ratio tests, estimates of multilevel logistic regression were preferred than fixed effect models.
SD-standard deviation, SE-standard error.
*Ages 11–13 and ≥ 16 were merged owing to small numbers.