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. 2022 Nov 10;54(11):1927–1939. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00879-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Staining of articular chondrocytes in primary cultures with toluidine blue. Immunostaining of primary articular chondrocytes with Col2a1 (red), ACAN (green) and DAPI (blue). b Flow cytometry for cell cycle progression of chondrocytes with or without SA (i). Quantitative analysis (ii) found that SA significantly promoted S-phase cells (n = 3, Student’s t test). c Chondrocytes were treated with SA at gradient concentrations (0-100 μM) for 48 h and subjected to CCK-8 analysis. From 5 μM to 20 μM SA treatment, the OD values were significantly higher than those of the 0 μM (DMSO) group, and for 50 μM and 100 μM SA treatment, the OD values were significantly lower than those of the 0 μM (DMSO) group (n = 5, one-way ANOVA). d Chondrocyte proliferation curve with SA treatment from Day 1 to Day 5. Compared with DMSO treatment, 10 μM SA treatment significantly promoted cell proliferation from Day 1 to Day 5 (n = 5, Student’s t test). e IC50 of SA on chondrocytes; concentrations were transferred to Log(c). The data are expressed as the mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, *compared with the DMSO group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, # compared with the indicated group.