Table 1.

Physiological effects of MnCl₂ toxicity.

Groups	Germination percentage (%)	Root length (cm)	Initial weight (g)	Final weight (g)	Weight gain (g)
Group I	100	7.60 ± 0.98a	13.78 ± 1.54	19.74 ± 1.86	+ 5.96a
Group II	91	6.40 ± 0.92b	13.50 ± 1.51	18.25 ± 1.80	+ 4.75b
Group III	84	5.00 ± 0.83c	13.62 ± 1.50	17.10 ± 1.74	+ 3.48c
Group IV	72	3.20 ± 0.68d	13.80 ± 1.56	15.78 ± 1.66	+ 1.98d

Group I: Control, Group II: 250 µM MnCl₂, Group III: 500 µM MnCl₂, Group IV: 1000 µM MnCl₂. Data are shown as mean ± SD. 50 bulbs were used to determine germination percentage, and 10 bulbs were used to determine root length and weight gain. The averages shown with different letters^(a–d) in the same column are statistically significant at p < 0.05.