Figure 4.

Kinetics of proton motive force and H⁺ conductivity through ATP synthase. Electrochromic shift measurements (ECS) were performed on 30 min dark-acclimated wild-type and mutant plants grown in short-day conditions (120 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) and illuminated at the indicated intensities. Total proton motive force (PMF) and ATP synthase H⁺ conductivity (g_H ⁺) were calculated from ECS decay kinetics as described in Methods. The plotted data are means ± S.E.M. (n = 6 plants). WT – Col-0, c – clce-2, k– kea3-1, v – vccn1-1, and kvc – kea3-1vccn1-1clce-2. Induction kinetics for the first 210 illumination are presented in Supplementary Figure 4 .