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. 2022 Nov 25;54(11):2060–2076. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00896-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Radar chart from CellChat data showing the major signaling pathways that mediate cell-to-cell interactions in LUAD. b TGF-β signaling pathway interactions between cancer cells and nine specific cell types of the TME from scRNA-seq data. The maps show TGF-β pathway interactions between cancer cells and cells of the immune microenvironment in AIS (left panel), MIA (middle panel), and IAC (right panel). c Heatmaps showing the distributions of ligands and receptors in the TGF-β pathway in the three stages of LUAD (upper: AIS, middle: MIA, lower: IAC). d GSVA of scRNA-seq showing that differences in the expression of genes (54 genes) downstream of the TGF-β pathway between normal cells and cancer cells differed among the three stages of LUAD. e TMAs were used to verify the expression of a gene related to TGF-β phosphorylation (p-Smad2) in the three stages of LUAD.