Table 2.
Prescription components for Aerobic and Endurance exercises (n = 7)
| Author (s) details, Study design and settings | Participants (number and age) | Diagnostic criteria | Single/multicomponent program | Frequency/week | Intensity | Time/session | Total duration (weeks) | Type of exercise(s) | Mode of exercise(s) | Progression | Outcome measure(s) | Adverse event(s) | Educational aids/technology used | Finding(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al. [30], RCT and physiotherapy OPD and Home based |
Early Intervention—29 (age—74.3 ± 5.8) Delayed intervention—29 (age—75.7 ± 5.9) |
EWGSOP | Multicomponent | 5 days/week | Moderate intensity | 150 min/week | 12 | Resistance exercise and aerobic | Walking | NR | Physical performance: grip strength (hydraulic HHD), gait speed (5-m walk test), 30 s chair stand test, 2-min step test; body composition: fat mass and lean body mass (DEXA) | NR | Digital versatile disc, handbook | Early exercise and nutritional intervention may be helpful in an earlier restoration of lower extremity muscle mass but not physical function in sarcopenic elders. When designing a rehabilitation program for patient with sarcopenia, RT with nutrition support can be prescribed first for the rapid enlargement of the muscle volume, and structuralized home-based exercise can be administered subsequently to preserve the prior intervention effect |
| Caballero-García et al. [39], Placebo controlled trial and Health centers |
N = 44 Placebo group—22 Citrulline-malate supplemented group—22 Avg age—M 64.8 ± 3.6, F—65.4 ± 4.4 |
NR | Multicomponent | NR | Level of effort 7 | 10 min/session | 6 |
Aerobic resistance Aerobic endurance Balance |
Aerobic endurance—walking, Slow running | NR | 6 min test (endurance) on 400-m track, HGS (JAMAR digital Dynamometer, Gait speed (4-m test), Squat, SPPB, Balance (Standing, semi tandem, tandem stand) | NR | NR | No significant difference in the outcome measures between placebo and intervention group |
| Moghadam et al. [36] |
ET + RT = 10 RT + ET = 10 CG = 10 |
NR | Multicomponent | 3/week | 55–70% HR max (11–17 RPE Borg scale) | 15–30 min/session | 8 | Resistance + endurance exercise | Cycling on a fixed-speed cycle ergometer | ET: week 1–4: 15 min, 55% HRmax, 11 RPE; week 5–6: 25 min, 65% HRmax, 15 RPE; week 7–8: 30 min, 70% HRmax, 17 RPE | Body composition (BIA); performance testing: strength (1RM), power (30-s vintage test on cycle ergometer, cardiorespiratory fitness (modified Bruce protocol for VO2 max) | NR | Diet analysis plus version 10 was used to record data | 8-week of CT intervention increased circulating SC related markers, body composition, enhanced muscular power, and VO2 max in older sarcopenic participants, regardless of the order of ET and RT. However, performing ET before RT may be more effective at enhancing Myf5 and Pax7, as well as improving both lower and upper body power |
| Makizako et al. [17], RCT and Community dwelling | IG: n = 33(Avg age-74.1 ± 6.6, CG: n = 34(Avg age-75.8 ± 7.3) | AWGS | Multicomponent | NR | NR | 20–25 min of balance and aerobic, 6 min stepping exercise | 12 | Resistance training, Balance, flexibility, and aerobic exercises | Anterior–posterior or lateral stepping repetitions for six minutes | NR | Physical performance: Grip strength (HHD), Gait speed (6-m test), 5-Chair stand test, TUG and Muscle CSA and volume (MRI) | No AE |
Infrared timer for gait speed assessment (Outcome measure) Booklet |
12 week multicomponent exercise program with progressive resistance training generally improves physical function in CDOA with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia. However, it is unclear whether effective in increasing muscle mass |
| Zhu et al. [24], RCT and Community dwelling |
RT: n = 40 (74.5 ± 7.1) E + nutrition: n = 36(74.8 ± 6.9) WL: n = 37(72.2 ± 6.6) |
AWGS | Multicomponent | 3/week (2/week group exercise and 1 home exercise) | NR | 20 min per session | 12 | Resistance exercise and aerobic exercise | Aerobic exercises | NR | Primary outcome: Change in gait speed over 12 weeks (6-m walk test); Secondary outcome: Muscle strength, muscle power, body composition, health related QOL(SF-36), physical activity scale for the elderly, instrumental activities of daily living and cardiorespiratory fitness; tertiary outcome: to follow till 24 weeks |
4 AE and 12 SAE But none were related to prescribed intervention |
NR | The exercise program with and without nutrition supplementation had no significant effect on the primary outcome of gait speed but improved the secondary outcomes of strength, and the 5 CST in community-dwelling Chinese sarcopenic older adults |
| Najafi et al. [35], RCT and Nursing home |
IG: n = 35 CG: n = 28 (Avg. Age—72.5 ± 7.0) |
NR | Multicomponent | 3/week | NR | 20 min per session | 8 | Strength, walking, balance, endurance activities |
Regular PA include—daily walking for 30 min plus stretching Fun PA group—strength, balance, endurance, and walking activities (in the form of rotational movement of hands with plastic balls (also k/a beach balls), catch-a-colour rockets, wands, Audubon bird and stretch bands) |
NR | Balance (BBS), 6 min walk test, Muscle strength (Dynamometer) | NR | NR | Fun PA reduces sarcopenic progression through improving balance, increasing distance walked, and strengthening muscles |
| Bellomo et al. [33], RCT |
Gsm: 10, RT: 10, Vam: 10, CG: 10 (Avg age—70.9 ± 5.2) |
Centers for disease control and prevention | Multicomponent | 2/week; 5 min warm-up | 60% HR max | NR | 12 | Global sensori motor: Aerobic, balance and flexibility training; Resistance training; Vibratory mechanical-acoustic focal therapy |
For warm-up in Global sensorimotor group—cycle ergometer For warm-up in resistance training group-stationary bicycle |
NR | Maximal isometric test (Knee extension machine); gait analysis: length of half step (cm), Sway area (mm2), ellipse surface (mm2)(Pedobarographic platform) | NR | NR | All the training programs implemented in the present investigation increase muscle strength. In addition, sensorimotor and vibrational training intervention aims to transfer these peripheral gains to the functional and more complex task of balance, in order to reduce the risk of falls |
IG, intervention group; CG, control group; EWGSOP, European Working Group in Sarcopenia for Older People; RM, repetition maximum; TUG, timed up go; SPPB, short physical performance battery; DXA, dual energy Xray absorptiometry; AWGS, Asian working group for Sarcopenia; BIA, bioimpedance analyzer; HHD, hand held dynamometer; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; RT, resistance training; AE, adverse events; HGS, hand grip strength; GS, gait speed; BMI, body mass index; QOL, quality of life; ET, endurance training, Berg balance scale; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging