Table 3.
Prescription components for Balance exercises (n = 9)
| Author (s) details, Study design and settings | Participants (number and age) | Diagnostic criteria | Single/multicomponent program | Frequency/week | Intensity | Time/session | Total duration (weeks) | Type of exercise(s) | Mode of exercise(s) | Progression | Outcome measure(s) | Adverse event(s) | Educational aids/technology used | Finding(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caballero-García et al. [39], Placebo controlled trial and Health centers |
N = 44 Placebo group—22 Citrulline-malate supplemented group—22 Avg age—M 64.8 ± 3.6, F—65.4 ± 4.4 |
NR | Multicomponent | NR | Level of effort 3 | 5 min | 6 |
Aerobic resistance Aerobic endurance Balance |
Balance—standing and monopodial exercises | NR | 6 min test (endurance) on 400-m track, HGS (JAMAR digital Dynamometer, Gait speed (4-m test), Squat, SPPB, Balance (Standing, semi tandem, tandem stand) | NR | NR | No significant difference in the outcome measures between placebo and intervention group |
| Chow et al. [22], RCT and Community dwelling | EXS + HMB: n = 48, CG: n = 48 and Vibration + HMB: n = 48 | AWGS | Single component | 3/week | 35 Hz | 20 min per session | 12 | Resistance exercise to one group and Vibration exercise to another group | Vibration platform will be used | NR | Primary outcome: Knee extension strength; Secondary outcome: HGS, GS, MM, Balancing activity, TUG test, SARC-F, SF-36, Food frequency questionnaire, activity tracker (steps) | Protocol | Wrist worn activity tracker to record daily activity | Protocol |
| Makizako et al. [17], RCT and Community dwelling | IG: n = 33(Avg age-74.1 ± 6.6, CG: n = 34 (Avg age-75.8 ± 7.3) | AWGS | Multicomponent | NR | NR | 20–25 min of balance and aerobic | 12 | Resistance training, Balance, flexibility, and aerobic exercises | Tandem stand, heel-up stand, one-leg stand, weight shifts, and stepping (anterior–posterior and lateral), to improve static and dynamic balance ability | NR | Physical performance: Grip strength (HHD), Gait speed (6-m test), 5-Chair stand test, TUG and Muscle CSA and volume (MRI) | NR |
Infrared timer for gait speed assessment (Outcome measure) Booklet |
12 week multicomponent exercise program with progressive resistance training generally improves physical function in CDOA with sarcopenia or pre-sarcopenia. However, it is unclear whether effective in increasing muscle mass |
| Liang et al. [18], RCT and Post-acute care unit |
IG (n = 30), CG (n = 29) Avg. Age—87.3 ± 5.4 years |
AWGS | Multicomponent | 2/week | NR | 20 min | 12 | Resistance exercise and balance exercise | Balance exercise program included: heel and toe raise and static balance varied directional quick stepping, reaching and single leg standing, heel to toe walking and complex cross-over stepping activities |
Week 1–3: Heel and toe raise and static balance Week 4–6: Varied directional quick stepping, Week 7–9:Reaching and single leg standing, Week 10–12:Heel to toe walking and complex cross stepping activities |
Primary outcomes: Activities of daily living (Barthel index) and number of fallers; Secondary outcomes: SPPB, 4-m gait speed, HGS (Digital grip dynamometer), Berg balance, TUG, and any adverse events | NR | NR | Compared with resistance exercise, the mixed exercise program (Balance plus resistance exercise) appeared to have improved the ADL, strength, and physical performance in older sarcopenic patient in post-acute care settings |
| Najafi et al. [35], RCT and Nursing home |
IG: n = 35 CG: n = 28 (Avg. Age—72.5 ± 7.0) |
NR | Multicomponent | 3/week | NR | 20 min | 8 | Strength, walking, balance, endurance activities |
Regular PA include—daily walking for 30 min plus stretching Fun PA group—strength, balance, endurance, and walking activities (in the form of rotational movement of hands with plastic balls (also k/a beach balls), catch-a-colour rockets, wands, Audubon bird and stretch bands) |
NR | Balance (BBS), 6 min walk test, Muscle strength (Dynamometer) | NR | NR | Fun PA reduces sarcopenic progression through improving balance, increasing distance walked, and strengthening muscles |
| Hassan et al. [28], Pilot study and Nursing care facilities | EX: n = 18, CG: n = 21 (avg age: 85.9 ± 7.5 years) | EWGSOP | Multicomponent | 2/week | NR | Total duration 1 h per session including resistance exercise | 24 | Resistance and balance training | Heel and toe raise, varied directional quick stepping, reaching, single leg standing, static balance, heel to toe walking and complex cross over stepping activities | Progression reducing hand support, Narrowing BOS, increasing speed of activity, cognitive dual task challenge | Number of falls, Qol, functional performance (SPPB), falls efficacy and cognitive wellbeing | No adverse evet | NR | Resistance and balance exercise has positive benefits for older adults residing in nursing care facilities which may transfer to reduce disability and sarcopenia transition, but more work is needed to ensure improved program uptake among residents |
| Maruya et al. [16], Community dwelling | IG: n = 26 (69.2 ± 5.6 years); CG: n = 14 (68.5 ± 6.2 years) | AWGS | Multicomponent | NR | NR | 20–30 min per day | 24 | Resistance and balance training | Lower limb resistance exercises and balance exercises were used: squats, single-leg standing, and heel raises | NR | Body composition (SMI,BMI and body fat %) using BIA, Self-reported QOL (EQ-5D, GLFS-25), Physical function (HGS, duration of single leg stand, comfortable and maximum walking speed, and knee extension strength (Handheld Dynamometer) | NR | Guidebook | A 6-month home exercise program, combining walking and resistance LL exercise, was effective in improving maximum walking speed and muscle strength in individual, in more than 60 years old with pre sarcopenia and sarcopenia |
| Bellomo et al. [33], RCT | Gsm: 10, RT: 10, Vam: 10, CG: 10 (Avg age—70.9 ± 5.2) | Centers for disease control and prevention | Multicomponent | 2/week | NR | 20 min per session | 12 | Global sensori motor: aerobic, balance and flexibility training; Resistance training; vibratory mechanical-acoustic focal therapy | NR | NR | Maximal isometric test (Knee extension machine); gait analysis: length of half step (cm), sway area (mm2), ellipse surface (mm2) (Pedobarographic platform) | NR | NR | All the training programs implemented in the present investigation increase muscle strength. In addition, sensorimotor and vibrational training intervention aims to transfer these peripheral gains to the functional and more complex task of balance, in order to reduce the risk of falls |
| Kim et al. [41], RCT, Community | E + AAS: n = 38 (79.5 ± 2.9 years), E: n = 39(79.0 ± 2.9 years), AAS: n = 39(79.2 ± 2.8 years), HE: n = 39 (78.7 ± 2.8 years) | NR | Multicomponent | 2/week | NR | 20 min/session | 12 | Resistance exercise, balance, and gait training |
Balance exercise-standing on one leg, multidirectional weight shifts, tandem stand, and tandem walk Gait training-Raising the toes (dorsiflexion) during the forward swing of the leg, kicking off the floor with the ball of the foot, walking with directional changes, and gait pattern variations |
NR | Body composition (BIA); Functional fitness parameter (Muscle strength and walking ability) | NR | NR | Exercise and AAS together may be effective in enhancing not only muscle strength, but also combined variables of muscle mass and walking speed and of muscle mass and strength in sarcopenic women |
IG, intervention group; CG, control group; EWGSOP, European Working Group in Sarcopenia for Older People; RM, repetition maximum; TUG, timed up go; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; DXA, dual energy Xray absorptiometry; AWGS, Asian working group for Sarcopenia; BIA, bioimpedance analyzer; HHD, hand held dynamometer; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; RT, resistance training; AE, adverse events; HGS, hand grip strength; GS Gait speed; BMI, body mass index; QOL, quality of life; ET, endurance training, Berg balance scale; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging