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. 2022 Dec 5;13:7485. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34862-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The alpha diversity (Shannon index) of subjects’ resistomes throughout the length of their time in Peru, as days post-arrival. Points are individual fecal samples, colored by sample type (i.e., diarrhea or non-diarrhea), with dotted lines connecting samples from the same subject. Solid lines show the best fit for different traveler types: HT (blue), diarrheal (red), non-diarrheal pre-TD (green), and post-TD samples (yellow) (n = 617, LMM, P > 0.05) and the gray shading represents 95% confidence interval (CI). b Cumulative abundance of ARGs (log₁₀ scale) over time. Points are individual samples with dotted lines connecting samples from the same subject. Solid lines show best fit with 95% CI (gray shading) of samples from different traveler types (n = 617, LMM, P > 0.05). c Boxplots of ARG diversity (Shannon index) of subject-matched diarrheal samples with non-diarrheal samples collected within 2 weeks of diarrhea. Accompanying violin plots show the distribution (n = 171 samples, two-sided Wilcoxon test). d Cumulative abundance of ARGs of subject-matched diarrheal samples with non-diarrheal samples collected within 2 weeks of diarrhea. Accompanying violin plots show the distribution (n = 171 samples; two-sided Wilcoxon test). e Correlations between cumulative abundance of ARGs (log₁₀ scale) and microbial species diversity (top) and relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (log₁₀ scale) (LMM; all P < 0.001). f ARGs that enriched or depleted in diarrheal samples compared to non-diarrheal samples. The significant associations were detected by MaAsLin2²⁷ where other metadata variables (age, sex, sample type, region, length of stay, and antibiotics usage) were used as fixed effects in the LMM. g Relative abundance distribution of differentially abundant ARGs in different sample types normalized by the median relative abundance of non-diarrheal HT samples (LMM; all P < 0.001). Left barplot, fraction of samples below detection limit. Boxes in the boxplots show median and quartiles; error bars extend to the values within 1.5 interquartile range. P values are multiple-hypothesis test corrected using Benjamini–Hochberg (FDR) method. Underlying data are provided in the Source Data file.