Table 3.
Results of sensitivity analyses using alternative diagnostic criteria for PD.
| Variables | Events | PY | Crude IR (per 100,000 PY) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | ||||
| Antiparkinsonian drug and ≥ 1 ICD-10 code | ||||||
| Total cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 884 | 599,561 | 147.4 | 1.15 (1.04–1.28)* | 1.13 (1.02–1.26)* | 1.13 (1.02–1.25)* |
| Middle | 589 | 535,763 | 109.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 584 | 574,552 | 101.6 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) |
| LDL cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 845 | 584,294 | 144.6 | 1.14 (1.03–1.27)* | 1.13 (1.01–1.25)* | 1.12 (1.01–1.24)* |
| Middle | 623 | 544,029 | 114.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 589 | 581,553 | 101.3 | 0.97 (0.86–1.08) | 0.98 (0.98–1.09) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
| HDL cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 661 | 480,304 | 137.6 | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) |
| Middle | 763 | 615,496 | 124.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 633 | 614,076 | 103.1 | 0.89 (0.81–0.99)* | 0.89 (0.81–1.00)* | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) |
| Triglyceride levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 680 | 585,809 | 116.1 | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | 1.00 (0.88–1.09) | 1.00 (0.89–1.10) |
| Middle | 736 | 572,340 | 128.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 641 | 551,726 | 116.2 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) |
| ≥ 1 admission or ≥ 2 ambulatory visits with PD, and ≥ 1 PD diagnosis by a neurologist | ||||||
| Total cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 645 | 606,030 | 106.4 | 1.19 (1.05–1.35)** | 1.17 (1.03–1.33)* | 1.17 (1.03–1.33)* |
| Middle | 395 | 539,618 | 73.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 379 | 579,933 | 65.4 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) |
| LDL cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 625 | 590,833 | 105.8 | 1.30 (1.14–1.47)*** | 1.28 (1.13–1.45)*** | 1.27 (1.12–1.44)*** |
| Middle | 392 | 548,036 | 71.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 402 | 586,711 | 68.5 | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) |
| HDL cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 467 | 485,247 | 96.2 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) |
| Middle | 528 | 621,153 | 85.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 424 | 619,179 | 68.5 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99)* | 0.87 (0.87–0.99)* | 0.88 (0.77–1.00)* |
| Triglyceride levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 482 | 590,083 | 81.7 | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) |
| Middle | 499 | 577,624 | 86.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 438 | 557,873 | 78.5 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) |
| ≥ 1 admission or ≥ 2 ambulatory visits with extended definition of PDe | ||||||
| Total cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 1057 | 603,531 | 175.1 | 1.18 (1.07–1.30)*** | 1.16 (1.05–1.28)** | 1.15 (1.04–1.27)** |
| Middle | 663 | 538,077 | 123,2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 642 | 578,481 | 111.0 | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) |
| LDL cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 1012 | 588,433 | 172.0 | 1.24 (1.22–1.37)*** | 1.22 (1.10–1.34)*** | 1.20 (1.09–1.33)*** |
| Middle | 670 | 546,433 | 122.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 680 | 585,223 | 116.2 | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) |
| HDL cholesterol levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 769 | 483,438 | 159.1 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) |
| Middle | 873 | 619,174 | 141.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 720 | 617,477 | 116.6 | 0.89 (0.81–0.99)* | 0.90 (0.82–0.99)* | 0.90 (0.82–1.00)* |
| Triglyceride levels (tertiles) | ||||||
| Lowest | 797 | 588,259 | 135.5 | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) |
| Middle | 860 | 575,682 | 149.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Highest | 705 | 55,6147 | 126.8 | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) |
IR, incidence rate; PY, person years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; PD, Parkinson’s disease.
aFor each blood lipid fraction, separate time-dependent Cox regression models was fitted.
bAdjusted for age, sex, area of residence, smoking status, alcohol consumption, levels of physical activity, and BMI.
cAdjusted for age, sex, area of residence, smoking status, alcohol consumption, levels of physical activity, BMI, and past medical history (stroke, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension).
dAdjusted for age, sex, area of residence, smoking status, alcohol consumption, levels of physical activity, BMI, past medical history (stroke, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), and cumulative duration of statin usage.
eParkinson’s disease (ICD G20), other forms of secondary parkinsonism (ICD-10 codes G21 and G22), other degenerative diseases in basal ganglia (ICD-10 code G23), and movement disorders in diseases classified elsewhere (ICD-10 code G26).
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.