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. 2022 Nov 28;54(11):2077–2091. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00889-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Heatmap showing increased levels of pyruvate and citrate in the lungs of mice treated with LPS compared to normal saline (n = 3). b The fold changes of pyruvate and citrate were calculated relative to the normal saline group (n = 3). Dots, individual mice. c–e The citrate concentrations in the BALF, lungs, and serum of LPS-induced ALI mice were increased (n = 8–10). f LPS-treated MLE12 cells (12 h) showed enrichment of citrate (n = 3). The data are shown as the mean ± SD. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.