Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis test or Chi-square/Fischer test.
| Control group (n = 7) | Mild COVID-19 (n = 8) | Severe COVID-19 (n = 27) | Recovered (n = 45) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33.4 ± 13.2 | 64.5 ± 22.5 | 63.6 ± 16.5 | 56.3 ± 26.8 | 0.0011 |
| Gender (% female) | 57.1% (4) | 37.5% (3) | 33.3% (9) | 77.8% (25) | |
| Race (%) | |||||
| European | 71.4% (5) | 87.5% (7) | 77.8% (21) | 80% (36) | 0.0022 |
| African | 12.5% (1) | 14.8% (4) | |||
| Gipsy | 7.4% (2) | 2.2% (1) | |||
| Diet (%) | |||||
| Mediterranean | 71.4% (5) | 87.5% (7) | 74.1% (20) | 88.9% (40) | |
| Fast-food | 12.5% (1) | 3.7% (1) | 2.2% (1) | ||
| Vegetarian/vegan | 14.3% (1) | 4.4% (2) | |||
| Physical exercise (% yes) | 28.6% (2) | 0% (0) | 11.1% (3) | 24.4% (11) | <0.0012 |
| Alcohol consumption (% yes) | 14.3% (1) | 12.5% (1) | 11.1% (3) | 6.7% (3) | 0.3352 |
| Smoking habits (% yes) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 3.7% (1) | 4.4% (2) | 0.1232 |
| Bowel movements modification (last 6 months) (% yes) | 14.3% (1) | 25% (2) | 40.7% (11) | 35.6% (16) | <0.0012 |
| Chronic diseases (% yes) | 28.6% (2) | 50% (4) | 88.9% (24) | 46.7% (21) | <0.0012 |
| Chronic medication (% yes) | 28.6% (2) | 37.5% (3) | 81.5% (22) | 55.6% (25) | <0.0012 |
| Antibiotic usage (% yes) | 14.3% (1) | 25% (2) | 51.9% (14) | 4.4% (2) | <0.0012 |
| Probiotic usage (% yes) | 28.6% (2) | 12.5% (1) | 11.1% (3) | 4.4% (2) | <0.0012 |
| BCG vaccination (% yes) | 100% (7) | 75% (6) | 29.6% (8) | 73.3% (33) | <0.0012 |
| PNV vaccination (% yes) | 100% (7) | 100% (8) | 51.9% (14) | 82.2% (37) | <0.0012 |
| Anti-pneumococcal vaccination (% yes) | 100% (7) | 12.5% (1) | 7.4% (2) | 0% (0) | <0.0012 |
| Flu vaccination (% yes) | 28.6% (2) | 12.5% (1) | 22.2% (6) | 46.7% (21) | 0.0942 |
| Symptoms | |||||
| None | 100% (7) | 12.5% (1) | 3.7% (1) | ||
| Dry cough | 62.5% (5) | 37% (10) | 13.3% (6) | ||
| Dyspnea | 25% (2) | 44.4% (12) | 2.2% (1) | ||
| Fever | 37.5% (3) | 74.1% (20) | 6.7% (3) | ||
| (%)Sputum | 12.5% (1) | 11.1% (3) | 2.2% (1) | ||
| Headache | 25% (2) | 14.8% (4) | 4.4% (2) | ||
| Malaise | 87.5% (6) | 29.6% (8) | 4.4% (2) | ||
| Muscular/articular pain | 37.5% (3) | 29.6% (8) | 11.1% (5) | ||
| Loss of smell/taste | 62.5% (5) | 7.4% (2) | 8.9% (4) | ||
| Throat pain | 12.5% (1) | 7.4% (2) | 8.9% (4) | ||
| Family aggregate infection (% yes) | 57.1% (4) | 37.5% (3) | 37% (10) | 28.9% (13) | |
| Ventilatory support (%) | |||||
| High throughput flow | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 11.1% (3) | 0% (0) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 18.5% (5) | ||||
| Without ventilation | 59.3% (16) | ||||
| Sequels/complications (% yes) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 7.4% (2) | 11.1% (5) |
1
ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis test.
2
Chi-square/Fischer test.
All the bold values in the value of p column represent statistically significant results with a value of p < 0.05.