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. 2022 Nov 22;10:1003219. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1003219

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

(A) Schematic of cyclin proteins (top panel) and proliferation markers (bottom panel) expressed in the four phases of a mitotic cell cycle. (B) Schematic representation of mitotic and endoreplicative cell cycles. Both cell cycle programs include phases of growth (G1 and G2) and DNA synthesis (S), however only a mitotic cell passes through M-phase and undergoes cytokinesis. A mitotic cell cycle gives rise to two diploid daughter cells. Endoreplicating cells replicate DNA but skip M-phase to return to G1, resulting in mononucleated polyploid cells (endocycle)‐as demonstrated for adipocytes (Li et al., 2021) and shown in the figure, or pass through M-phase but fail to undergo cytokinesis, resulting in diploid binucleated cells (not shown).