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. 2022 Nov 16;54(11):1991–2006. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00875-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a MRI, micro-CT, and HE staining were used to evaluate the SONFH model; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), and steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH); b–c The expression of HIF-1α in the femoral head necrotic area was detected by western blotting (n = 6); hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α); d Direct detection of oxygen concentration in the femoral head necrotic area (n = 6); e At 0 and 2 days after surgery, the DiR fluorescence intensity in the transplanted area was detected by live imaging of small animals (n = 8); 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR); f At 0 and 2 days after surgery, apoptosis of transplanted cells was detected by TUNEL staining (n = 6); g Quantitative analysis of the DiR fluorescence intensity in the transplanted area as shown in e (n = 8); h Quantitative analysis of the proportion of TUNEL positive cells in the transplanted area as shown in f (n = 6); i At 0 and 2 days after surgery, the expression levels of BIRC5, Bcl-2, Bax, and CASP3 in the femoral head necrotic area were detected by western blotting (n = 6); j The expression levels of Lnc Tmem235 in the femoral head necrotic area were detected by qPCR (n = 6); k The expression levels of BIRC5 mRNA in the femoral head necrotic area were detected by qPCR (n = 6); l Quantitative analysis of BIRC5 expression as shown in i (n = 6); m Quantitative analysis of Bcl-2 expression as shown in i (n = 6); n Quantitative analysis of Bax expression as shown in i (n = 6); o Quantitative analysis of CASP-3 expression as shown in i (n = 6); p Scanning electron microscope observation of tissue-engineered bone XACB/BMSCs (n = 8); xenogeneic antigen-extracted cancellous (XACB) and tissue-engineered bone (XACB/BMSCs). q At 12 weeks after surgery, micro-CT analysis of the repair of the necrotic area of the femoral head (n = 6); red circle indicates the transplantation area; r At 12 weeks postsurgery, H&E and Masson staining were used to evaluate the repair of the necrotic area (n = 6); hematoxylin-eosin (H&E); s Quantitative analysis of the number of trabeculae as shown in q (n = 6); t Quantitative analysis of the trabecular thickness as shown in q (n = 6); u Quantitative analysis of the volume of new bone tissue as shown in q (n = 6); v Quantitative analysis of the volume fraction of new bone tissue as shown in q (n = 6); w At 12 weeks after surgery, the expression levels of OPG, OCN, and Runx2 in the femoral head necrotic area were detected by western blotting (n = 6); osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2); x Quantitative analysis of OPG expression as shown in w (n = 6); y Quantitative analysis of OCN expression as shown in w (n = 6); z Quantitative analysis of Runx2 expression as shown in w (n = 6). In (c, d, g, h, j–o, s–v, x–z), the data are normally distributed, and the variance is homogeneous. Data are presented as the means ± SDs; statistical significance was calculated by Student’s t test; ^*P < 0.05.