Table 2.

Risk of ADHD in offspring in pregnancies complicated by GDM according to type of treatment during pregnancy or time of diagnosis

Variable	No. with ADHD/total	Crude model		Adjusted modela
		HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
GDM considered as one group
No GDM	179/2,050	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
GDM	144/1,073	1.67 (1.33–2.07)	<0.001	1.64 (1.32–2.05)	<0.001
GDM by time of diagnosisb
No GDM	179/2,050	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Early GDM	23/195	1.48 (0.96–2.29)	0.070	1.45 (0.94–2.25)	0.094
Late GDM	119/878	1.69 (1.34–2.13)	<0.001	1.67 (1.32–2.11)	<0.001
GDM by treatment
No GDM	179/2,050	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
GDM only with diet	87/655	1.68 (1.30–2.17)	<0.001	1.68 (1.30–2.18)	<0.001
GDM with insulin use	57/418	1.64 (1.22–2.22)	0.001	1.59 (1.18–2.15)	0.002

Cox regression models expressed as HR (95% CI).

ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidential interval.

^aModel adjusted for maternal age, weeks of gestation, cesarean section, Apgar <6 at 5 minutes after birth and birth weight,

^bLate/early GDM: diagnosis of GDM after or before 26 weeks’ gestation, respectively.