Table 3.
Associated characteristics of financial hardship among cancer survivors in the COVID Impact Survey, a nationally representative survey of US (n = 854) (April–June 2020).
| Overall | 18–59 years | 60+ years | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | |
| Age | – | |||||||||||
| 18–29 | 1.51 | 0.88–2.59 | 1.32 | 0.90–1.95 | ||||||||
| 30–44 | 2.24 | 1.79–2.81 | 1.74 | 1.35–2.24 | ||||||||
| 45–49 | 1.56 | 1.22–1.98 | 1.60 | 1.27–1.99 | ||||||||
| 60+ | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | – | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Female | 1.46 | 1.18–1.82 | 1.10 | 0.89–1.35 | 1.15 | 0.88–1.51 | 1.61 | 1.19–2.20 | 1.35 | 1.02–1.78 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married/Living with partner | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.45 | 1.15–1.82 | 1.16 | 0.94–1.42 | 1.45 | 1.06–1.98 | 1.14 | 0.77–1.68 | 1.47 | 1.07–2.01 | 1.28 | 0.94–1.74 |
| Never married | 1.68 | 1.26–2.24 | 1.13 | 0.85–1.50 | 1.91 | 1.48–2.46 | 1.32 | 1.01–1.73 | 0.78 | 0.43–1.42 | 0.86 | 0.46–1.60 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, NH | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Black, NH | 1.89 | 1.21–2.94 | 1.56 | 1.23–1.97 | 1.54 | 1.16–2.03 | 1.36 | 0.90–1.07 | 3.01 | 2.30–3.93 | 1.80 | 1.32–2.45 |
| Hispanic | 0.92 | 0.44–1.94 | 0.89 | 0.64–1.24 | 1.17 | 0.79–1.73 | 1.07 | 0.77–1.50 | 0.66 | 0.33–1.34 | 0.58 | 0.27–1.22 |
| Asian, NH | 1.23 | 0.36–4.21 | 1.81 | 0.79–4.14 | 1.19 | 0.68–2.10 | 1.29 | 0.77–2.18 | 3.80 | 3.11–4.64 | 10.70 | 5.55–20.66 |
| Other, NH | 1.37 | 0.79–2.37 | 1.29 | 0.97–1.72 | 0.65 | 0.24–1.73 | 0.59 | 0.34–1.02 | 1.73 | 1.09–2.75 | 1.16 | 0.79–1.69 |
| Insurance type* | ||||||||||||
| Purchased plan | 0.70 | 0.52–0.94 | 1.05 | 0.76–1.45 | 0.95 | 0.61–1.47 | – | 0.72 | 0.49–1.06 | 1.45 | 0.94–2.22 | |
| Employer–sponsored | 0.77 | 0.62–0.96 | 1.38 | 0.98–1.93 | 0.58 | 0.45–0.74 | 1.19 | 0.76–1.85 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.08 | – | |
| Tricare | 0.49 | 0.26–0.94 | 0.61 | 0.30.1.29 | 0.62 | 0.25–1.54 | – | 0.58 | 0.27–1.25 | – | ||
| Medicaid | 2.19 | 1.80–2.66 | 1.61 | 1.19–2.18 | 2.15 | 1.71–2.70 | 1.48 | 0.94–2.32 | 2.14 | 1.59–2.89 | 1.45 | 1.03–2.06 |
| Medicare | 0.91 | 0.73–1.12 | – | 1.63 | 1.30–2.03 | 1.33 | 1.04–1.71 | 1.14 | 0.78–1.66 | – | ||
| VA | 0.69 | 0.44–1.08 | 0.87 | 0.54–1.39 | 0.45 | 0.15–1.32 | – | 0.89 | 0.54–1.46 | – | ||
| No insurance | 1.73 | 1.20–2.51 | 1.63 | 0.99–2.68 | 1.53 | 1.19–1.97 | 2.13 | 1.23–3.71 | 1.79 | 0.88–3.62 | – | |
| Any comorbid conditions | 1.53 | 1.13–2.06 | 1.09 | 0.84–1.41 | 1.24 | 0.86–1.78 | – | 1.77 | 1.16–2.69 | 1.29 | 0.81–2.06 | |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Not employed | Ref. | – | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | – | ||||||
| Employed/self–employed | 0.93 | 0.74–1.17 | 0.62 | 0.48–0.80 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.29 | 0.83 | 0.57–1.21 | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No HS diploma | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Hs graduate | 0.68 | 0.56–0.84 | 1.03 | 0.77–1.39 | 0.99 | 0.87–1.13 | 1.43 | 0.99–1.91 | 0.54 | 0.38–0.77 | 0.78 | 0.51–1.19 |
| Some college | 0.45 | 0,37–0.55 | 0.79 | 0.51–0.96 | 0.53 | 0.41–0.69 | 0.76 | 0.56–1.04 | 0.42 | 0.30–0.58 | 0.83 | 0.56–1.22 |
| Baccalaureate or above | 0.29 | 0.21–0.39 | 0.52 | 0.35–0.77 | 0.33 | 0.22–0.49 | 0.61 | 0.38–0.97 | 0.26 | 0.17–0.41 | 0.49 | 0.28–0.88 |
| Household income | ||||||||||||
| < $30,000 | 2.67 | 1.87–3.80 | 1.59 | 1.10–2.28 | 2.24 | 1.58–3.17 | 1.03 | 0.73–1.45 | 6.26 | 3.34–11.75 | 3.63 | 1.74–7.57 |
| $30,000– < $50,000 | 1.63 | 1.09–2.43 | 1.18 | 0.83–1.69 | 1.51 | 0.98–2.33 | 0.96 | 0.62–1.48 | 3.59 | 1.83–7.04 | 2.61 | 1.26–5.42 |
| $50,000– < $75,000 | 1.17 | 0.74–1.84 | 1.04 | 0.72–1.51 | 1.25 | 0.76–2.03 | 0.87 | 0.58–1.30 | 2.37 | 1.10–5.10 | 1.78 | 0.82–3.86 |
| $75,000– < $100,000 | 0.96 | 0.57–1.62 | 1.09 | 0.72–1.67 | 0.97 | 0.52–1.81 | 0.87 | 0.53–1.44 | 2.01 | 0.85–4.74 | 1.93 | 0.88–4.26 |
| ≥$100,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | Ref. | – | ||||||
| Midwest | 0.91 | 0.64–1.30 | 0.89 | 0.60–1.33 | 0.96 | 0.57–1.64 | ||||||
| South | 1.01 | 0.73–1.41 | 0.90 | 0.62–1.32 | 1.26 | 0.78–2.05 | ||||||
| West | 0.91 | 0.64–1.28 | 0.88 | 0.60–1.30 | 0.90 | 0.53–1.51 | ||||||
| Population density | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1.27 | 0.97–1.68 | 0.99 | 0.77–1.27 | 1.14 | 0.81–1.62 | – | 1.56 | 1.09–2.23 | 1.09 | 0.75–1.60 | |
| Suburban | 0.72 | 0.53–0.98 | 0.76 | 0.58–0.99 | 0.85 | 0.60–1.20 | 0.57 | 0.35–0.93 | 0.71 | 0.41–1.22 | ||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||
PR, Unadjusted prevalence ratio; aPR, Adjusted prevalence ratio; CI, Confidence intervals; Ref, Reference.
–: This variable was not included in the final full model due to specifications outlined in the method section (p < 0.10).
*
Insurance variables modeled as binary (i.e., those with the specific insurance type vs. not).
All models are adjusted for survey week.