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. 2022 Nov 22;13:1048505. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048505

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Copyright © 2022 Granata, Possetti, Parente, Bottazzi, Inforzato and Sobacchi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of bone cell regulation by the main soluble factors produced by immune cells during S. aureus-induced osteomyelitis. Upon infection, immune cells migrate into the bone microenvironment and release cytokines (IL-17, IL-10, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-18, IL-4, IL-8), chemokines (CCL3), growth factors (M-CSF, G-CSF) and other several inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, PGE₂, TGFβ, INF-γ, OSM) that influence osteoblast and osteoclast activity. The result is massive disruption of the normal bone architecture. The Figure was created with BioRender.com.