Table 1.
Basic characteristics of all participants, participants with DEA-efficient diets and those with DEA-inefficient diets among 184 Japanese men and 185 women
| Men | Women | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n 184) | With DEA-efficient diets* (n 74) | With DEA-inefficient diets* (n 110) | All (n 185) | With DEA-efficient diets* (n 71) | With DEA-inefficient diets* (n 114) | |||||||||||||
| Mean or n | sd or (%) | Mean or n | sd or (%) | Mean or n | sd or (%) | Cohen’s d† | Cramér’s V‡ | P § | Mean or n | sd or (%) | Mean or n | sd or (%) | Mean or n | sd or (%) | Cohen’s d† | Cramér’s V‡ | P § | |
| Age (years) | 45·0 | 13·1 | 45·4 | 13·8 | 44·8 | 12·7 | 0·046 | 0·43 | 44·4 | 13·4 | 46·8 | 13·3 | 43·0 | 13·3 | 0·28 | 1·00 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23·9 | 3·4 | 23·8 | 3·4 | 24·0 | 3·4 | 0·059 | 0·86 | 22·5 | 3·4 | 22·8 | 3·4 | 22·3 | 3·3 | 0·15 | 0·74 | ||
| Height (cm) | 170·3 | 5·4 | 169·6 | 5·3 | 170·7 | 5·5 | 0·20 | 0·80 | 157·4 | 5·7 | 157·0 | 5·8 | 157·7 | 5·7 | 0·12 | 0·84 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 69·4 | 11·1 | 68·5 | 11·7 | 70·0 | 10·7 | 0·14 | 0·39 | 55·7 | 8·8 | 56·4 | 9·3 | 55·3 | 8·5 | 0·13 | 0·38 | ||
| Education level (n, %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Junior high school | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0·17 | 0·15 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0·048 | 0·93 | ||
| Senior high school | 34 | 18 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 61 | 33 | 24 | 32 | 37 | 37 | ||||||
| Two-year college/professional training college | 50 | 27 | 16 | 21 | 34 | 31 | 83 | 45 | 31 | 42 | 52 | 51 | ||||||
| University/graduate school | 96 | 52 | 44 | 59 | 52 | 48 | 35 | 19 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 22 | ||||||
| Smoking habit (n, %) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 62 | 34 | 31 | 41 | 31 | 28 | 0·14 | 0·15 | 145 | 78 | 59 | 80 | 86 | 85 | 0·10 | 0·39 | ||
| Past smoker | 54 | 29 | 20 | 27 | 34 | 31 | 13 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| Smoker | 68 | 37 | 23 | 31 | 45 | 41 | 27 | 15 | 9 | 12 | 18 | 18 | ||||||
| (per 10·460 MJ) | (per 8·368 MJ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Nutrient-Rich Food Index 15.3 score | 1226 | 128 | 1243 | 147 | 1214 | 112 | 0·23 | 0·01 | 1222 | 121 | 1249 | 123 | 1203 | 116 | 0·38 | 0·53 | ||
| Dietary cost (Japanese yen) | 1251 | 215 | 1261 | 224 | 1245 | 209 | 0·074 | 0·50 | 1061 | 199 | 1119 | 245 | 1022 | 149 | 0·49 | <0.0001 | ||
| Diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (g CO2eq) | 4668 | 997 | 4627 | 952 | 4696 | 1031 | 0·069 | 0·47 | 3946 | 886 | 4011 | 1071 | 3903 | 740 | 0·12 | 0·0004 | ||
DEA, data envelopment analysis.
‘DEA-efficient diets’ were identified as the diets having a higher multidimensional ratio of predefined ‘dietary components to increase’ per unit of ‘dietary components to decrease’ by using data envelopment analysis. The rest of diets were defined as ‘DEA-inefficient diets’.
Cohen’s d, an effect size used to indicate the standardised difference between two means, was calculated as the difference between the means divided by the pooled sd.
Cramér’s V is a measure of association between two nominal variables. It goes from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates strong association.
The t test was performed for continuous variables; and the χ2 test, for categorical variables. P < 0·05 was considered statistically significant.