Low dose E2 inhibits ROS production by microglia, astroglia, macrophages, and fibroblast cells. BV-2 microglia (A), C6 astroglia (B), Raw264.7 macrophages (C), and M1 fibroblast (D) cells were treated with either 40 ng/mL IFN-γ or 40 ng/mL IFN-γ + 40 nM E2 overnight. ROS assay was performed in 96-well plate by the Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit (ab113851) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. *p < 0.05; control vs. IFN-γ, IFN-γ vs. IFN-γ + E2. ns = not significant. Data are representative of three separate experiments