Fig. 2. Defect formation energy diagrams.

Defect formation energies of the defect qubits for a N_CV_C⁻¹ in diamond, b C_BV_N in hBN in N-rich condition, and c W_Se in MoSe₂ in Mo-rich condition. The M-rich condition for MX₂ (N-rich condition for hBN) provides lower defect formation energies than the X-rich condition (B-rich condition) (Supplementary Fig. 3). c W_I + V_Se indicates the sum of formation energies of the two independent defects, W_I and V_Se. The orange-shaded area shows the range of stability of N_CV_C⁻¹, C_BV_N⁰, and W_Se⁰. Defect formation energy diagrams for other M_X in TMDs are displayed in Supplementary Fig. 4.