Fig. 1. Distribution of soil bacterial common and rare biospheres.

A Sampling sites are shown on the map of the island of Schiermonnikoog, the Netherlands. Distinct colors represent different successional stages along the soil chronosequence that gradually develops from the east to the west. Dots represent the sampling sites at five successional stages, namely 0, 10, 40, 70, and 110 years of succession (from 1809 to 2017). Modified version from Dini-Andreote et al. [79]. This image was originally generated using ArcGIS. B The number of rare and common ASVs and the number of shared ASVs in the rare and common biospheres. C Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) derived from Bray-Curtis distance of bacterial composition for the rare and common biospheres represented by different shapes. Colors represent successional stages (0, 10, 40, 70, and 110 years in succession). Percentage in the axis labels shows the variation of species composition explained by each coordinate.