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. 2021 Jun 7;1:21. doi: 10.1038/s43705-021-00021-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a–c Boxplots (Median; IQR; Range) of bacterial alpha diversity measures, Shannon index (a), Observed ASVs (b), and Evenness index (c) in hindmilk and infant’s feces at infant age 5 and 9 months. Statistical significance was evaluated by paired t-tests, with asterisks indicating ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001. d, e PCoA plots based on Bray–Curtis (d) and Jaccard (e) dissimilarities, comparing across both sample type and age, with statistical differentially clustering evaluated by ANOSIM tests. f Boxplots (median; IQR; range) of microbiota similarity over time in hindmilk and infant’s feces, comparing between to within individuals. Statistical significance evaluated by Mann–Whitney test, with asterisks indicating ****p < 0.0001.