Table 1.
Compilation of various case reports’ patient characteristics and laboratory values
| Case report | Age (years) | Sex | COVID-19 vaccination status | Required pressors? | Required intubation? | Sodium (mmol/L) | Glucose (mg/dL) | TSH (µIU/mL) | Cortisol (µg/dL) | ACTH (pg/mL) |
| Present case | 20s | M | No | Yes | Yes | 125 | 28 | 1.89 | 4 | >1250 |
| Asano et al12 | 70s | F | n/a | No | No | 142 | 174 | n/a | 29.7 | 176.6 |
| Machado et al8 | 40s | F | n/a | No | No | Hypo | n/a | n/a | <1.0 | 807 |
| Elkhouly et al14 | 50s | M | n/a | No | Yes | 135 | n/a | n/a | 26.6 | n/a |
| Sheikh et al5 | 40s | F | n/a | No | No | 139 | n/a | 1.83 | 1.1 | 56 |
| Hashim et al15 | 50s | M | n/a | No | No | 108 | 95 | 2.12 | 2.03 | n/a |
| Chua et al13 | 40s | M | n/a | No | No | 136 | 126 | 2.99 | <1.0 | 7.1 |
| Heidarpour et al16 | 60s | M | n/a | Yes | Yes | 135 | 192 | n/a | 13 | n/a |
| Frankel et al9 | 60s | F | n/a | No | No | 129 | n/a | n/a | <1.0 | 207 |
| Kumar et al17 | 70s | F | n/a | No | No | 112 | n/a | n/a | 16 | Normal |
| Alvarez et al11 | 70s | M | n/a | No | No | 127 | n/a | n/a | 2.1 | n/a |
| Sanchez et al20 | 60s | F | n/a | No | No | 117 | n/a | 0.33 | 2.6 | 1944 |
| Bhattarai et al10 | Late adolescence | F | n/a | Yes | Yes | 110 | 63 | 22.4 | 1.0 | 26 |
| Case report | Aldosterone (ng/dL) | Presence of anti-21-hydroxylase antibody | Associated conditions | Imaging findings | Treatment |
| Present case | <3.0 | Positive | ADEM | Mild atrophy of bilateral adrenal glands | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone |
| Asano et al12 | n/a | n/a | Sjogren’s syndrome | Bilateral adrenal infarction | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone |
| Machado et al8 | <3.0 | Negative | Positive APL antibodies | Bilateral non-haemorrhagic infarction | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone |
| Elkhouly et al14 | n/a | n/a | HTN, right adrenal adenoma | Bilateral adrenal haemorrhages | IV hydrocortisone prior to cardiac arrest and subsequent death |
| Sheikh et al5 | n/a | n/a | T2DM | n/a | Hydrocortisone |
| Hashim et al15 | n/a | n/a | None | n/a | Prednisolone |
| Chua et al13 | n/a | n/a | T2DM | n/a | PO hydrocortisone |
| Heidarpour et al16 | n/a | n/a | HTN | n/a | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO prednisolone |
| Frankel et al9 | n/a | n/a | APLS | Bilateral enlarged adrenal glands w/ surrounding haziness | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO prednisone and fludrocortisone |
| Kumar et al17 | n/a | n/a | HTN, HLD | Bilateral non-haemorrhagic adrenal infarction | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone |
| Alvarez et al11 | n/a | n/a | Psoriasis | Bilateral adrenal haemorrhage | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone |
| Sanchez et al20 | <0.3 | Positive | Hypothyroidism, T2DM | Unremarkable | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone |
| Bhattarai et al10 | n/a | Positive | Raynaud’s phenomenon, possible autoimmune thyroiditis | Bilateral adrenals diminutive w/o nodularity or haemorrhage | IV hydrocortisone, followed by PO hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone |
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; ADEM, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; APL(S), antiphospholipid (syndrome); HLD, hyperlipidaemia; HTN, hypertension; IV, intravenous; n/a, not available; PO, oral; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.