Figure 3.

Effect of Carica papaya nanoparticles and papaya extract under pretreatment cotreatment and posttreatment conditions on DENV-2 by FFU assay (a,c) and qRT-PCR (b,d). Vero CCL-81 cells were treated with different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) of PNP (a, b) and PE (c, d) under different conditions. After incubation, the plates were freezed and the culture filtrates were used for FFU and qRT-PCR assays. Mouse anti-dengue antibody was used as a primary antibody and goat anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate was used as a secondary antibody in the FFU assay. For qRT-PCR, viral RNA was isolated and used for estimating viral RNA copies using real-time RT-PCR. The results were expressed as mean log₁₀RNA copies/μl or log₁₀FFU/ml± SEM. All the experiments were performed in triplicates at different time points. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗p < 0.05 vs. virus control (VC).