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List of the published primers representing the occurrence of bacterial DNA and antibiotic-resistant genes [40,57,58].
| Gene name | Resistance mechanism |
| 16S rRNA gene | N/Aa |
| ermB | Ribosomal protection |
| Sul1 | Enzymatic modification |
| tetA | Efflux |
| tetW | Ribosomal protection |
| tetX | Enzymatic modification |
| mecA | β-lactam binding protein |
| BlaNDM-1 | Hydrolysis |
| BlaOXA-23 | Enzymatic degradation |
| BlaOXA-51 | Efflux |
| BlaTEM | Hydrolysis |
| VanA | Amino acid cleavage |
aN/A: not applicable.
